For the Thrill of It: Leopold, Loeb, and the Murder That Shocked Jazz Age Chicago (65 page)

68.
“Franks Trial Delay Hinted,”
Chicago Daily Journal
, 19 July 1924; “First Court Battle in Leopold-Loeb Case Tomorrow,”
Chicago Herald and Examiner
, 20 July 1924; Genevieve Forbes, “Darrow Ready to Lay Franks Cards on Table,”
Chicago Sunday Tribune
, 20 July 1924.

69.
“Leopold-Loeb ‘Jury Strategy’ Mapped at War Council,”
Chicago Herald and Examiner
, 18 July 1924.

CHAPTER 12: MITIGATION OF PUNISHMENT

1.
Trial Transcript, fols. 1207, 1209.

2.
“Killers Admit All; Fate Up to Judge,”
Chicago Daily Journal
, 21 July 1924; “Leopold Dramatically Calm in Court; Loeb Fearful,”
Chicago Herald and Examiner
, 22 July 1924.

3.
“Breathless Crowds Jam Franks Hearing,”
Chicago Daily News
, 21 July 1924; “Leopold Dramatically Calm,”
Chicago Herald and Examiner
, 22 July 1924.

4.
Genevieve Forbes, “Call 100 Franks Witnesses,”
Chicago Daily Tribune
, 22 July 1924.

5.
“Loeb, Leopold Plead Guilty; Begin Trial Next Wednesday,”
Chicago Daily News
, 21 July 1924.

6.
“Breathless Crowds.”

7.
Charles V. Slattery, “Leopold-Loeb Plead Guilty; Ask Mercy,”
Chicago Herald and Examiner
, 22 July 1924; Forbes, “Call 100 Franks Witnesses”; Nathan F. Leopold,
Life Plus 99 Years
(Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1958), 61.

8.
“Killers Admit All,”
Chicago Daily Journal
, 21 July 1924; Leopold,
Life Plus 99 Years
, 62.

9.
“Leopold Dramatically Calm.”

10.
“Loeb, Leopold Plead Guilty.”

11.
Ibid.; “‘Guilty,’ Slayers’ Plea,”
Chicago Evening Post
, 21 July 1924.

12.
“Loeb, Leopold Plead Guilty.”

13.
“Leopold Dramatically Calm.”

14.
“Crowe to Push Trial with All Possible Speed,”
Chicago Daily Tribune
, 22 July 1924.

15.
Slattery, “Leopold-Loeb Plead Guilty”; “Franks Waits Call to Stand,”
Chicago Daily Journal
, 22 July 1924.

16.
“Franks’ Parents Testify; New Scandal Suppressed,”
Chicago Daily Journal
, 22 July 1924.

17.
“Crowds Sit Tense at Franks Hearing,”
Chicago Daily News
, 23 July 1924.

18.
“Mrs. Franks on Stand; Shown Son’s Clothes,”
Chicago Daily Journal
, 22 July 1924; “Parents of Franks Testify,”
Chicago Daily News
, 23 July 1924; “Mrs. Franks, Grief Bowed, Is Center of Interest,”
Chicago Daily News
, 23 July 1924.

19.
“Mrs. Franks on Stand”; Trial Transcript, fols. 107–110.

20.
“Jacob Franks Describes How Youths Worked,”
Chicago Daily Journal
, 22 July 1924; Trial Transcript, fols. 78–84, 100–103.

21.
Trial Transcript, fols. 71–72.

22.
Genevieve Forbes, “State Closes Case Today,”
Chicago Daily Tribune
, 29 July 1924.

23.
Sam Putnam, “Court Fans, Alert for Thrills, Turn Eyes to Darrow,”
Chicago Evening Post
, 30 July 1924.

24.
“Boys Primp for Big Day,”
Chicago Daily News
, 30 July 1924.

25.
“Doctor, on Stand for Hours, Tells Name and Nothing More,”
Chicago Daily Journal
, 31 July 1924; Genevieve Forbes, “Calm Alienist Storm Center of Franks Trial,”
Chicago Daily Tribune
, 31 July 1924.

26.
Trial Transcript, fols. 978–979.

27.
Ibid., fols. 981–982.

28.
Ibid., fols. 982, 999, 1000–1001.

29.
People v. Geary
, 297 Illinois 610–611 (1921); “T. J. Fell Tells Jury How Geary Killed Reckas,”
Chicago Daily Tribune
, 24 July 1920; “5,000 Hunt Gene Geary, Mad Gunman,”
Chicago Herald and Examiner
, 29 May 1920.

30.
“Geary Warns Police He’ll Fight to Last,”
Chicago Herald and Examiner
, 30 May 1920; “Jurors Acquit Geary; Verdict Arouses Hoyne,”
Chicago Sunday Tribune
, 7 March 1920.

31.
People v. Geary
, 297 Illinois 612–613 (1921).

32.
Illinois Revised Statutes, Chapter 38 (Criminal Code), Section 285 (1917).

33.
“Geary Violent in Cell; Doctor Starts Inquiry,”
Chicago Daily Tribune
, 3 February 1921; “‘Gene’ Geary Tries Suicide; Nerve Fails,”
Chicago Daily Tribune
, 25 April 1921.

34.
“Geary Will Ask Jury to Save Him from Rope,”
Chicago Daily Tribune
, 14 May 1921.

35.
“Judge Will Name 3 Alienists to Fix Geary’s Fate,”
Chicago Daily Tribune
, 20 May 1921; “Gene Geary Held Sane; Expected to Hang June 17,”
Chicago Daily Tribune
, 1 June 1921.

36.
People v. Geary
, 298 Illinois 242 (1921).

37.
“Geary to Asylum,”
Chicago Daily Tribune
, 24 September 1921.

38.
Editorial, “Geary Beats the Rope,”
Chicago Daily Tribune
, 26 September 1921.

l1

39.
Trial Transcript, fols. 981, 986–988, 1011, 1014.

40.
People v. Lowhone
, 292 Illinois, 34–36 (1920); “Innocent Man Is Killed Last Friday Morning When Frank Lowhone Shoots Max Nottingham,”
Carmi Tribune-Times
, 10 April 1919.

41.
People v. Lowhone
, 296 Illinois, 400, 404 (1920); “Lowhone Is Executed,”
Carmi Tribune-Times
, 15 April 1921.

42.
Trial Transcript, fols. 1120–1121.

43.
Ibid., fols. 1213–1214.

44.
Charles V. Slattery, “Loeb and Leopold Win First Court Fight; Alienists Permitted to Go on Stand,”
Chicago Herald and Examiner
, 31 July 1924.

CHAPTER 13: PSYCHIATRISTS FOR THE DEFENSE

1.
Trial Transcript, fols. 1344–1345.

2.
Ibid., fol. 1556.

3.
Ibid., fols. 1691, 1708–1709.

4.
“Killers’ Dream Life Bared,”
Chicago Daily News
, 1 August 1924; Trial Transcript, fol. 1245.

5.
“Victory Stirs Defense,”
Chicago Daily News
, 1 August 1924.

6.
Ibid.

7.
Trial Transcript, fols. 1279, 1283–1286.

8.
Ibid., fols. 1284, 1293.

9.
Ibid., fol. 1296.

10.
Ibid., fols. 1317–1318.

11.
Ibid., fols. 1318, 1329–1330, 1336, 1340.

12.
William Alanson White Notes (Leopold), fol. 19.

13.
Trial Transcript, fol. 1342.

14.
Ibid., fols. 1342–1345.

15.
Ibid., fol. 1349.

16.
Ibid., fol. 1360.

17.
Ibid., fols. 1391, 1407.

18.
Ibid., fol. 1409, 1411.

19.
Ibid., fols. 1412–1413.

20.
Charles V. Slattery, “Crowe Accuses Alienist of Trickery,”
Chicago Herald and Examiner
, 3 August 1924; John Ashenhurst, “Crowe Wages Fight on ‘Dream’ Defense,”
Chicago American
, 2 August 1924; “Leopold Expects to Hang; Knew Murder Wrong—Expert,”
Chicago Daily Journal
, 2 August 1924; “Alienist’s Tilt with Crowe as Shown by Q. & A.,”
Chicago Sunday Tribune
, 3 August 1924.

21.
“Boy Slayers Posed to Fool Alienists, Prosecutor Hints,”
Chicago Daily News
, 2 August 1924; Genevieve Forbes, “Insanity Fixed, Crowe Hints,”
Chicago Sunday Tribune
, 3 August 1924.

22.
“Dejected? No, Just Thinking Out Next Move,”
Chicago Herald and Examiner
, 3 August 1924.

23.
“Concedes Even ‘Superman’ Might Make Mistakes,”
Chicago American
, 4 August 1924.

24.
Genevieve Forbes, “Expert Paints Crime-Twins,”
Chicago Daily Tribune
, 5 August 1924.

25.
“Slayers’ Baseness Is Depicted,”
Chicago Daily News
, 4 August 1924.

26.
Trial Transcript, fols. 1467, 1524. On their emotional capacity, see Trial Transcript, fol. 1473.

27.
“Hang the Slayers, Billy Sunday Says,”
Chicago Herald and Examiner
, 5 June 1924.

28.
“God Committed Death Penalty into Hands of State, Says Pastor,”
Chicago Herald and Examiner
, 4 August 1924.

29.
“Life of Child, Half Million Price of Thrill,”
Chicago Daily Tribune
, 8 August 1924.

30.
“Scores Boy Killers Case,”
Chicago Daily News
, 5 August 1924; Thomas R. Marshall, “Imprison in Spite of Insanity,”
Chicago Daily News
, 9 August 1924.

31.
“Blames Parents of Dick and Babe for Criminality,”
Chicago Daily Tribune
, 5 August 1924.

32.
Lynn Dumenil,
The Modern Temper: American Culture and Society in the 1920s
(New York: Hill and Wang, 1995), 145–200; Michael E. Parrish,
Anxious Decades: America in Prosperity and Depression, 1920
–
1941
(New York: Norton, 1992), 71–93, 98–104, 147–149.

33.
Kenneth T. Jackson,
The Ku Klux Klan in the City, 1915
–
1930
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), 95, 109; Sam Putnam, “Caverly Gets Threat Letters Signed ‘K.K.K.’,”
Chicago Evening Post
, 6 August 1924.

34.
Putnam, “Caverly Gets Threat Letters”; “Guard Hartman Home Following Kidnap Threats,”
Chicago Evening Post
, 19 June 1924; “Franks Home Offered for Sale,”
Chicago American
, 19 August 1924; “Grewsome Symbol of Death Is Left Near Home of Loeb,”
Chicago Daily Tribune
, 19 August 1924.

35.
Putnam, “Caverly Gets Threat Letters”; Genevieve Forbes, “Darrow Calls Public Opinion Unfair to Boys,”
Chicago Daily Tribune
, 4 August 1924.

36.
Trial Transcript, fol. 1691.

37.
Ibid., fol. 1692.

38.
Ibid., fols. 1705–1706, 1711–1712.

39.
“Loeb Killed Franks, He Tells Alienist,”
Chicago Daily News
, 6 August 1924; Trial Transcript, fol. 1747.

40.
Maurine Watkins, “Know Children, Expert’s Word to All Parents,”
Chicago Daily Tribune
, 7 August 1924.

41.
Kathleen W. Jones,
Taming the Troublesome Child: American Families, Child Guidance, and the Limits of Psychiatric Innocence
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), 3–8, 44–50; David Spinoza Tanenhaus, “Policing the Child: Juvenile Justice in Chicago, 1870–1925” (PhD dissertation, University of Chicago, 1997), 332–353.