Dark Continent: Europe's Twentieth Century (71 page)

18.
Cited in M. Fainsod,
Smolensk under Soviet Rule
(London, 1989 edn), p. 240

19.
Cited by M. Lewin, “ ‘Taking grain’: Soviet policies of agricultural procurements before the war,” in his
Making of the Soviet System
, op. cit., p. 166

20.
ibid., pp. 142–77; V. Kravchenko,
I Chose Freedom: The Personal and Political Life of a Soviet Official
(London, 1947), pp. 111, 130

21.
Fainsod, op. cit., p. 248

22.
Cited by G. Hosking,
A History of the Soviet Union
(London, 1985), p. 150

23.
Cited by Bullock, op. cit., p. 311

24.
L. Siegelbaum, “Masters of the shop floor: foremen and Soviet industrialisation,” N. Lampert and G. T. Rittersporn (eds.),
Stalinism: Its Nature and Aftermath
(London, 1992), pp. 127–56

25.
L. R. Graham,
The Ghost of the Executed Engineer: Technology and the Fall of the Soviet Union
(Harvard, Mass., 1993), pp. 54–8

26.
Davies, op. cit., p. 67

27.
ibid.; J.-P. Depretto, “Construction workers in the 1930s,” in Lampert and Rittersporn, op. cit., p. 197

28.
H.-H. Schröder, “Upward social mobility and mass repression: the Communist Party and Soviet society in the Thirties,” in Lampert and Rittersporn, op. cit., pp. 157–84

29.
F. Furet,
Le Passé d’une illusion
(Paris, 1995), p. 474

30.
See T. von Laue,
Why Lenin? Why Stalin?
(New York, 1971), p. 181; F. M. Leventhal,
The Last Dissenter: H. N. Brailsford and His World
(Oxford, 1985), p. 248

31.
Cited in Boyce, op. cit., p. 314

32.
ibid., p. 307

33.
M. Mazower,
Greece and the Inter-War Economic Crisis
(Oxford, 1991), p. 315

34.
But see S. Reich,
The Fruits of Fascism: Postwar Prosperity in Historical Perspective
(Ithaca, NY, 1990)

35.
W. Murray,
The Change in the European Balance of Power, 1938–39
(Princeton, NJ, 1984)

36.
Cited in Steiner, op. cit., p. 91

37.
M. Kele,
Nazis and Workers: National Socialist Appeals to German Labor, 1919–1933
(Chapel Hill, NC, 1972), p. 178; D. Schoenbaum,
Hitler’s Social Revolution: Class and Status in Nazi Germany, 1933–1939
(New York, 1966), p. 53

38.
Kele, op. cit., p. 205; B. F. Reilly, “Emblems of production: workers in German, Italian and American art during the 1930s,” in W. Kaplan (ed.),
Designing Modernity: The Arts of Reform and Persuasion, 1885–1945
(London, 1995), pp. 287–315

39.
A. Lyttelton,
The Seizure of Power: Fascism in Italy, 1919–1929
(Princeton, NJ, 1987), pp. 348–9

40.
Cited in J. Noakes and G. Pridham (eds.),
Nazism, 1919–1945
, vol. 2:
State, Economy and Society, 1933–1939
(Exeter, 1988 edn), pp. 373–4; see also: A. Lüdtke, “The ‘Honor of Labor’: industrial workers and the power of symbols under National Socialism,” in D. Crew (ed.),
Nazism and German Society
(London, 1994), pp. 67–110; F. L. Carsten,
The German Workers and the Nazis
(Aldershot, 1995); on Italian workers see T. Abse, “Italian workers and Italian Fascism,” in R. Bessel (ed.),
Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany: Comparisons and Contrasts
(Cambridge, Eng., 1996), pp. 40–61; comparative unemployment figures in B. Eichengreen and T. J. Hatton (eds.),
Unemployment in International Perspective
(Dordrecht, 1988), p. 7

41.
P. Hayes,
Industry and Ideology: IG Farben in the Nazi Era
(Cambridge, 1987), p. 172; G. Toniolo,
L’economia dell’Italia fascista
(Rome, 1980), 266; Bullock, op. cit., pp. 181–2

42.
R. Overy,
Why the Allies Won
(London, 1995), ch. 6

43.
D. S. White,
Socialists of the Front Generation, 1918–1945
(Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1992), p. 81

44.
ibid., p. 128

45.
ibid., p. 109

46.
N. Mosley,
Rules of the Game
(London, 1982), p. 150

47.
H. W. Arndt,
The Economic Lessons of the 1930s
(London, 1963 edn), p. 210

48.
E. Hansen, “Hendrik de Man and the theoretical foundations of economic planning: the Belgian experience, 1933–1940,”
European Studies Review
, 8 (1978), pp. 235–57

49.
Arndt, op. cit. (London, 1944 edn), p. 152

50.
Cited by C. Kindleberger,
The World in Depression, 1929–1939
(London, 1973), p. 261

51.
Kalecki cited in J. Jackson,
The Popular Front in France: Defending Democracy, 1934–38
(Cambridge, 1990), p. 174; see also, G. Ranki and J. Tomaszewski, “The role of the state in industry, banking and trade,” in M. C. Kaser and E. A. Radice (eds.),
The Economic History of Eastern Europe, 1919–1975
, vol. 2:
Interwar Policy, the War and Reconstruction
(Oxford, 1986), pp. 44–6

5: H
ITLER’S
N
EW
O
RDER
, 1938–45

1.
Cited by G. Therborn, “The autobiography of the twentieth century,”
New Left Review
, 214 (November/December 1995), p. 87

2.
Cited by O. Bartov,
Hitler’s Army: Soldiers, Nazis and War in the Third Reich
(Oxford, 1992), pp. 130–31

3.
Ministero degli Affari Esteri,
I documenti diplomatici italiani
, 9th series (1939–43), vol. 8 (Rome, 1986), p. 410: Luciolli to D’Ajeta, 14 March 1942; Mussolini’s reaction is noted in M. Muggeridge (ed.),
Ciano’s Diary: 1939–1943
(London, 1947), pp. 448–9

4.
R. G. Waldeck,
Athene Palace
(New York, 1942), p. 13

5.
ibid., p. 14

6. P. Struye, L’Évolution du sentiment public en Belgique sous l’occupation allemande
(Brussels, 1945), pp. 20, 30; M. Conway,
Collaboration in Belgium: Léon Degrelle and the Rexist Movement, 1940–1944
(New Haven, Conn./London, 1993), p. 30; W. Warmbrunn,
The Dutch under German Occupation, 1940–1945
(Stanford, Calif., 1963), pp. 130–35

7.
M. Bloch,
Strange Defeat
(New York, 1968), pp. 149, 156–68; F. Bédarida, “Vichy et la crise de la conscience française,” in J.-P. Azéma and F. Bédarida,
“Vichy et les Francais
(Paris, 1992), pp. 77–96; de Chardin cited in J. Lukacs,
The Last European War
(New York, 1976), p. 515; Berlitz enrolments in R. Cobb,
French and Germans, Germans and French
(Hanover/London, 1983), p. 125

8.
Z. Klukowski,
Diary from the Years of Occupation, 1939–1944
(Urbana, Ill./Chicago, 1993), p. 90; Waldeck, op. cit., p. 124

9.
R. E. Herzstein,
When Nazi Dreams Come True
(London, 1982), p. 38; C. Moret,
L’Allemagne et la réorganisation de l’Europe (1940–1943)
(Neuchâtel, 1944), p. 43; H. Trevor-Roper (ed.),
Hitler’s Table Talk: 1941–1944
(London, 1973), pp. 4–5

10.
R. G. Reuth,
Goebbels
(New York, 1993), pp. 268–70

11.
Muggeridge, op. cit., p. 390; Trevor-Roper, op. cit., p. 6 (entry for 11–12 July 1941)

12.
Noakes and Pridham, op. cit. (New York, 1990 edn), p. 615; N. Rich,
Hitler’s War Aims
, vol. 2:
The Establishment of the New Order
(New York, 1974), p. 330; I. Kamenetsky,
Secret Nazi Plans for Eastern Europe
(New Haven, Conn., 1961), p. 38

13.
E. L. Homze,
Foreign Labor in Nazi Germany
(Princeton, NJ, 1967), pp. 26–30

14.
N. Rich,
Hitler’s War Aims
, vol. 1:
Ideology, the Nazi State and the Course of Expansion
(New York, 1973), pp. 134–42; K. Hildebrand,
The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich
(London, 1973), p. 114

15.
C. Child, “The concept of the New Order,” in A. and V. Toynbee (eds.),
Survey of International Affairs, 1939–1946: Hitler’s Europe
(London, 1954), p. 61

16.
W. A. Boelcke (ed.),
The Secret Conferences of Dr. Goebbels
(New York, 1970), pp. 38, 65; W. Warmbrunn,
The Dutch under German Occupation, 1940–1945
(Stanford, Calif., 1963), pp. 24–7; Child, “The concept of the New Order,” in Toynbee and Toynbee, op. cit., p. 57

17.
P. M. Hayes,
The Career and Political Ideas of Vidkun Quisling, 1887–1945
(Bloomington, Ind./London, 1972), pp. 247, 283–6

18.
Boelcke, op. cit., p. 66; Toynbee and Toynbee, op. cit., p. 511

19.
Trevor-Roper, op. cit., pp. 92, 621

20.
Boelcke, op. cit., pp. 185–6

21.
See Schmitt’s
Völkerrechtliche Grossraumordnung mit Interventionsverbot für raumfremde Machte: Ein Beitrag zum Reichsbegriff im Völkerrecht
(Berlin, 1939), and “Reich und Raum: Elemente eines neuen Völkerrechts,”
Zeitschrift der Akademie für Deutsches Recht
, 7: 13 (1 July 1940), cited in Bendersky,
Carl Schmitt: Theorist for the Reich
(Princeton, NJ, 1983), pp. 253–5; Seyss-Inquart and Frank cited in Moret, op. cit., pp. 55–7

22.
Cited in Child, “The concept of the New Order” in Toynbee and Toynbee, op. cit., p. 53

23.
Boelcke, op. cit., pp. 17–18; Homze, op. cit., p. 62; Hitler described the Italians as “the only people on earth with whom we can see eye to eye.” Rich,
Hitler’s War Aims
, vol. 2, p. 317; cf. also F. Taylor (ed.),
The Goebbels Diaries: 1939–1941
(London, 1982), p. 328

24.
W. Tucker,
The Fascist Ego: A Political Biography of Robert Brasillach
(Berkeley/Los Angeles, Calif., 1975), p. 253

25.
Y. Durand,
Le Nouvel Ordre européen nazi
(Paris, 1990), p. 34; J. A. Armstrong,
Ukrainian Nationalism
(New York/London, 1963), p. 79; A. Dallin,
German Rule in Russia, 1941–1945: A Study of Occupation Policies
(Boulder, Colo., 1981, 2nd edn), p. 164

26.
Child, “The concept of the New Order,” in Toynbee and Toynbee, op. cit., pp.50–51

27.
A. S. Milward,
War, Economy and Society, 1939–1945
(London, 1977), pp. 162–3; Waldeck, op. cit., pp. 65–72

28.
League of Nations,
Food Rationing and Supply 1943/44
(Geneva, 1944), pp. 34–5; on the debate about Hitler’s
Blitzkrieg
strategy and its economic implications see R. J. Overy,
Goering: the “Iron Man”
(London, 1984), ch. 4

29.
Milward, op. cit., pp. 132–69; Overy,
Goering: the “Iron Man,”
op. cit., p. 136

30.
Overy, ibid., pp. 120–21

31.
Cited in C. Browning, “The decision concerning the Final Solution,” in
Fateful Months: Essays on the Emergence of the Final Solution
(New York/London, 1985), p. 28; Homze, op. cit., p. 71

32.
ibid., 376; Rich, op. cit., vol. 2, p. 381; Dallin, op. cit., pp. 159, 204, 244

33.
A. S. Milward,
The New Order and the French Economy
(Oxford, 1970), p. 110; cf. Overy,
Goering: the “Iron Man,”
op. cit., chs. 6, 8, and Overy,
Why the Allies Won
, op. cit., pp. 198–205

34.
Cf. the memo of Otto Brautigam (Head of the Main Political Department, OMi), 25 October 1941, in J. Noakes and G. Pridham (eds.),
Documents on Nazism: 1919–1945
(London, 1974), pp. 626–30; cf. Overy, op. cit., ch. 8; U. Herbert,
A History of Foreign Labor in Germany, 1880–1980
(Ann Arbor, 1990), p. 145