An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States (46 page)

land claims, 205–8

land grants, 123, 126–27, 140–42

Land Ordinance (1785), 124

land restitution, 175, 179–80, 181, 205–8, 258–59n5

The Last of the Mohicans
(Cooper), 71, 103–4, 221

Lawrence, D. H., 94, 105, 227

Lawton, Henry W., 165

Leatherstocking Tales (Cooper), 103, 106

Lee, Robert E., 133, 135

Lewis and Clark Expedition, 28, 120–21

liberty and empire, 105–6, 124

Liliuokalani (Queen of Hawai‘i), 163

Lincoln, Abraham: and Civil War, 133; colonial policy prior to military implementation under, 140–46; and “free soil” for settlers, 134–36; and genocidal army of the West, 136–40

Little Bighorn, 151–52, 155

Little Crow, 136

Little House on the Prairie series, 252–53n19

Little Turtle (Meshekinnoqquah), 81, 83, 85

Little Wolf, 149

Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock
(1903), 189

“Long Walk,” 138–39

“Lord Dunmore's War” (1774), 71–72

“lost tribes,” 233

Louisiana Purchase, 95–96; Daniel Boone and, 106; Cherokees and, 111; conditions for statehood in, 124; and Lewis and Clark, 120; and Sioux Nation, 186

Lowell, James Russell, 130, 131

“low-intensity conflict,” 58

Lyons, Oren, 26

MacArthur, Arthur, 165

MacDonald, Peter, 210

Madison, James, 85, 87, 100

Magellan, Ferdinand, 43

Malisset people, 67

El Malpais, 180

manifest destiny: and buffalo soldiers, 147; challenge to concept of, 220; and General Allotment Act, 157–61; Mexican War and, 130, 131; and multiculturalism, 5–6; unconscious, 2–3; and US origin myth, 105–6; and US overseas imperialism, 162–67; Walt Whitman on, 118

Mankiller, Wilma, 108

Mann, Charles C., 15, 27, 28

Maroons, 23, 66, 101

Marshall, John, 110, 199–200

Martínez, Miguel Alfonso, 205

Mason, John, 59, 62, 63

Mayan civilization, 18–19

Mayflower Compact, 49, 50

McGillivray, Alexander, 78

McIntosh, Lachlan, 72–73

McNickle, D'Arcy, 175, 176, 197

Means, Russell, 186

medicine, Indigenous, 17, 246n3

Melville, Herman, 103, 130

Menominee Nation, 175

mercantile capitalism, 143–44

Merritt, Wesley E., 165

Meshekinnoqquah (Little Turtle), 81, 83, 85

Mesoamerica, 17–21

Mexican War (1846), 117, 123, 130–32

Mexican workers, deportation of, 176

Mexico: abolishment of slavery by, 127; early Indigenous civilizations in, 17–21; independence movement in, 120; indigenous people of occupied, 125–30; land grants in, 123, 126–27; revolution of Indigenous farmers in, 167; US colonization of, 121–24; and US imperialism, 118–21; views on US invasion and occupation of, 130–32

Miamis, 81–83

Micronesians, 225–26

migration(s): of Cherokees, 21; and cultivation of corn, 22, 30; to Indian Territory, 112, 115; interstate, 8; to and from reservations, 259n20; of Scots-Irish, 52–53, 54, 96; seasonal, 29; of Sioux, 152; through Mexico, 30

migratory genocide, 149

Mi'kmaq people, 67

Miles, Nelson A., 139, 149, 164, 165

militarization, 225–28

military names, 56–57

militia(s): in “Black Hawk War,” 111; in Cherokee territory, 89; colonial, 58–60, 64; in French and Indian War, 67, 69, 71; and Green Corn Rebellion, 167; in Illinois and Indiana Territories, 87; under Andrew Jackson, 97, 99; and Modocs, 223; and Muskogee Nation, 92; in Ohio Country, 72, 73, 81; regular army and, 94; Rough Riders, 165; Scots-Irish in, 53–54; and Second Amendment, 80; settler, 73, 82, 165; in Virginia, 75; in West, 137, 138

Mills, Sid, 181–82

Miner, H. Craig, 167, 168

mining, 19, 209–10

Mission Dolores, 127–28

Modoc War, 223–24

Monroe, James, 102, 133

Monroe Doctrine, 3; Roosevelt Corollary to, 166

Montezuma II, 21

Montgomery, Archibald, 68–69

Mooney, James, 112–13

Moriscos, 37

Morrill Act (1862), 140

Mount Rushmore, 180, 207

Murguía, Alejandro, 129

Muskogee (Creek) Nation: and allotments, 158–59; and “civilization” project, 98; forced removal of, 113; governance of, 26; origins of, 30; Red Sticks of, 98–99, 100, 101; resistance by, 90–92; treaties with Confederacy by, 135

Muskogee Creek Orphan Fund, 168

Muskogee War (1813–14), 93, 97–101

Myer, Dillon S., 174

NAGPRA (Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, 1990), 206

Narragansetts, 63

National Congress of American Indians (NCAI), 57, 175, 184, 193

National Indian Gaming Association, 210

National Indian Youth Council (NIYC), 181, 182, 185, 210

national narrative, 2, 3–4, 12–13

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA, 1990), 206

Navajo (Diné) Nation: Fairchild assembly plant in, 209; forced march of, 138–39; land base of, 12; and mining, 210; origins of, 23; rejection of Indian Reorganization
Act by, 171–72

Nazi Germany, 204–5

NCAI (National Congress of American Indians), 57, 175, 184, 193

Neal, Richard, 57, 193

neocolonialism, 7, 190

New Deal, 170–72

New England colony, 62–64

“new frontier,” 178–80

New Mexico: land-grant settlements in, 258–59n5; Spanish settler-colonists in, 125; statehood of, 124

New Spain, 43

“New World,” 42

Nimi'ipuu (Chief Joseph, Nez Perce), 149–50, 165

Nixon, Richard M., 179–80, 184, 185

NIYC (National Indian Youth Council), 181, 182, 185, 210

Northwest Ordinance (1787), 3, 124

Obama, Barack: on colonial power, 115–16; and Violence Against Women Act, 214

Office of Indian Affairs, 102–3, 151, 189

Oglethorpe, James, 66

Ohio Country: and Northwest Ordinance, 3; Tecumseh in, 84–87; transfer from Britain of, 78; during war for independence, 71–74; after war of independence, 81–83

Ojibwe Nation, 24, 216–17

Oklahoma: Green Corn Rebellion in, 166–67; statehood of, 159.
See also
Indian Territory (Oklahoma)

“Oklahoma Run,” 158

Old Lady Horse, 143

Olmec civilization, 19

Oneida Nation, 77

“Operation Wetback,” 176

origin myths/narratives, 2, 3–4, 12–13, 47–51, 102–7

Ortiz, Simon J., 133, 137, 236

Osage Nation, 215–16

overgrazing, 171–72

Pacific Railroad Act (1862), 140

Paha Sapa.
See
Black Hills (Paha Sapa)

pan-Indigenous movement, 10, 84–85

patriotism: Alamo and, 127; after Civil War, 140; and covenant, 50, 51; under Andrew Jackson, 102–7, 108, 115; origin story and, 47

Patton, George, 167, 194

Pequot War (1637), 62–63, 64

Percy, George, 60

Pershing, John J., 167

Persian Gulf War, 57, 193–94

Philippines, US occupation of, 164, 165–66

Pike, Zebulon M., 120–22, 123

Pilgrims, 49

Pine Ridge Sioux Reservation: Guardians of the Oglala Nation at, 186, 250n22; home rule in, 190; poverty and social dysfunction in, 208, 211; and Trail of Broken Treaties, 185–86; and Wounded Knee Massacre, 154–56

Plains Indians: and Geronimo, 150; relocation of, 150, 151; scorched-earth forays against, 139; slaughter of buffalo of, 142–43, 220; Winchester rifle in campaign against, 234

plantation(s): economy of, 55, 92–93, 109; and Hawkins project, 98; Muskogee, 100; owned by Scots-Irish, 53; vs. small-scale farmers, 55, 71, 80, 109, 134; in Spanish Florida, 66, 102; in Texas, 126–27

Plenty Horses, 156–57

Plymouth Colony, 49, 62–64

Polk, James K., 131

Ponce de León, Juan, 43

Pontiac, 84

Pontiac's Rebellion (1763), 68

Poor People's Campaign, 182–83

population: during colonization, 39–42; in precolonial America, 17

Portuguese colonialism, 42–43, 199

poverty: of Chagossians, 225; colonialism and, 262n23; on reservations, 191, 208, 211; War on, 182, 208–9

POW.
See
prisoner of war (POW)

powerlessness, 211

Powhatan Confederacy, 60–61

prairies: habitat management on, 45; in precolonial America, 24–25

Pratt, Richard Henry, 151

precolonial North America, 15–31; Aztec civilization in, 20–21; corn cultivation in, 21–25; governance in, 25–27; Indigenous peoples as stewards of the land in, 27–30; Mesoamerica in, 17–21; peoples of the corn in, 30–31; population in, 17

Price, David H., 227–28

prisoner of war (POW): William “Rusty” Calley as, 192; Geronimo as, 150–51; return of remains of, 207; vs. unlawful combatant, 222

privatization: and allotments, 157–61, 249n4; of common land, 34–36; of property, 98; of war, 65

Prophet's Town, 84, 86

Pueblo Indians: and allotments, 160–61; history of, 20, 22, 23, 29; land claims by, 171, 180; and militarization, 226; military assault on, 125

Pueblo Lands Act (1924), 171

Puritans, 48, 62–64

Quakers, 200

Quincentennial year, 197–98

racism: and anticommunism, 175–76; of Ralph Waldo Emerson, 131; irregular warfare and, 59; and multiculturalism, 5; neo-, 230; in 1920s, 170; and racial superiority, 231; of US policies, 1–2; and Vietnam War, 192; and white supremacy, 36–39; of Walt Whitman, 117–18, 253n2

railroads: across reservations, 188; and buffalo, 143; investment of Indigenous funds in, 168; land grants to, 140, 141–42, 145; workers strike at, 166

rangers and ranging: in French and Indian War, 67, 68, 69, 71; in Georgia, 66, 92; and Haudenosaunee, 77; in Illinois and Indiana Territories, 87; in late seventeenth century, 63–64; and manifest destiny, 220; and Miamis, 82; in Ohio Country, 71–75, 82–83; and Tecumseh, 86; in Tennessee, 88–90; in Texas, 127, 130–31, 150

Redhouse, John, 210

“redskins,” 64–65

Red Sticks, 98–99

religion: absorbing Christianity into, 79; and assimilation, 151; of Calvinists, 47–51, 54; and Crusades, 32–33, 36–37; and Doctrine of Discovery, 200–201; Kiowa, 143; Mayan, 18; of Pueblos, 125; and repatriation of ancestral remains, 207; of Sioux Nation, 188, 189; Sun Dance, 21; and Tecumseh, 85

reparations for land claims, 205–8

repatriation, 206, 207, 231–33

reservations, 10–12, 249n2; and allotments, 158, 159, 189–90;

Anishinaabe, 216; Apache, 150; Cheyenne, 146, 149–50, 152; crowding in, 157; Ghost Dance in, 154; and Indigenous funds, 168; industrial plants in, 209; informal, 249n2; Lakota, 155; and land restoration, 171; migration to and from, 259n20; Modoc, 223; Navajo, 172; in New England, 114; poverty in, 191, 208, 211; railroad and, 188; Sand Creek, 137–38; Sioux, 164, 185, 190, 207–8; and termination policy, 174, 191; trading posts in, 144; violence against women in, 176, 214, 262n32

resistance: to allotment, 158–61; by Apaches, 131–32, 150; in California, 129; by Cherokee Nation, 69, 75, 76, 87–90; by Cheyennes, 149, 165; during civil rights era, 175–77; culture of, 79; and Ghost Dance, 153–57; and irregular forces, 58; in King Philip's War, 64; by Miamis, 81; by Muskogee Nation, 90–92; in Ohio Country, 83; by Seminole Nation, 101–2; of Sioux, 165; by Tecumseh, 72, 84–87; in Virginia, 61; in West, 147, 149–53

restitution, land, 175, 179–80, 181, 205–8, 258–59n5

restoration for land claims, 205–8, 236

revisionism, 5–6, 7

roads in precolonial America, 28–30

Rogers, Robert, 68, 94, 227

Rogers's Rangers, 68, 71

Rogin, Michael Paul, 109, 114

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 170–71, 173

Roosevelt, Theodore, 53, 162, 165–66

Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine, 166

Ross, John, 135

sacred corn food, 16–17

sacred land, 55, 152, 179–80, 206–7, 211, 236

Sanchez, Marie, 203–4

Sand Creek Massacre (1864), 93, 137–38

Sandoz, Mari, 149

San Martín, José de, 119–20

Santa Fe Trail, 122

Sauks, 111

scalping, 38, 52, 63, 64–65

scorched-earth campaigns.
See
total war

Scotland, England's invasion of, 38

Scots-Irish, 51–54, 248n17

Second Amendment rights, 50, 80, 227–28

“Second Barbary War” (1815–16), 119

Second Seminole War (1835–42), 101–2

self-determination, 181–86, 202–5; economic, 208–10; and Indigenous governance, 215–17

Seminole Nation, 26, 93, 101, 113

Seminole Wars (1817–-58), 97, 101–2

Senate Subcommittee on Indian Affairs, 180, 258n5

Seneca Nation, 77, 82

September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, 221

Serra, Junípero, 128

settler colonialism, 2–10; as framework for US history, 7–8; and genocide, 2, 6, 8–10; legacy of, 229–30; and manifest destiny, 2–3, 5–6; and national narrative, 2, 3–4, 12–13; and neocolonialism, 7; and Ulster-Scots, 51–54; and US West or Borderlands history, 7–8

settler-farmers, 61–62, 70–71

settler patriotism, 102–7

settler-rangers.
See
rangers

Seven Years' War (1756–63), 53, 67–71

Sevier, John, 88–90, 94

Seward, William H., 163

sexual violence, 212–14, 262n32

Shawnee Nation, 71–73, 75, 83, 84–87

Sherman, William Tecumseh, 9–10, 94, 139, 144–46, 156

Sioux Nation: Crazy Horse and, 152; Ghost Dance of, 153–54; historical experience of, 186–91; massacre at Wounded Knee of, 154–56; reparations to, 207–8; seizure of Black Hills from, 180, 188, 207; and termination policy, 190

Sitting Bull (Tatanka Yotanka), 151–52, 154

Six Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy.
See
Haudenosaunee