An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States (39 page)

7
.    Remini,
Life of Andrew Jackson
, 62–69.

8
.    Grenier,
First Way of War
, 216–17.

9
.    Brinkley,
Unfinished Nation
, 85; Takaki,
Iron Cages
, 96.

10
.  Takaki,
Different Mirror
, 85–86.

11
.  Brinkley,
Unfinished Nation
, 84. On Jackson's vision to create a populist empire, see Anderson and Cayton,
Dominion of War
, 207–46.

12
.  Grenier,
First Way of War
, 204.

13
.  Ibid., 205.

14
.  Ibid., 218–20.

15
.  Ibid., 215. See also Saunt,
New Order of Things
, 236–41.

16
.  Miller,
Coacoochee's Bones
, xi.

17
.  Quoted in Rogin,
Fathers and Children
, 129.

18
.  Slotkin,
Fatal Environment
, 81–106.

19
.  In the twentieth century, during the dark days of the Depression and war, 1932–43, Laura Ingalls Wilder updated and consolidated the myth, centering
it on women, in her Little House on the Prairie series (with four additional books published after her death).

20
.  Reynolds,
Waking Giant
, 236–41.

21
.  Jennings,
Invasion of America
, 327–28.

22
.  Stegner,
Where the Bluebird Sings to the Lemonade Springs
, 71–72.

23
.  D. H. Lawrence, quoted in Slotkin,
Regeneration through Violence
, 466.

24
.  Dimock,
Empire for Liberty
, 9.

25
.  Slotkin,
Regeneration through Violence
, 394–95.

26
.  US historians see Jacksonian democracy as spanning nearly three decades, 1824 to 1852, rather than just Jackson's eight-year presidency (1828–36). There are dozens of books and articles on the era of Jacksonian democracy, as well as biographies of Andrew Jackson's life. Historian Robert V. Remini is the foremost Jacksonian scholar, with multiple books; his
Life of Andrew Jackson
(2010) is a short compilation of his previous work. A revisionist view distinguished from Remini's admiring portrayal is Michael Paul Rogin,
Fathers and Children: Andrew Jackson and the Subjugation of the American Indian
(1975). Twenty-first-century works include Brands,
Andrew Jackson
; Meacham,
American Lion
; Reynolds,
Waking Giant
; and Wilentz,
Andrew Jackson
.

27
.  Mankiller and Wallis,
Mankiller
, 51.

28
.  Rogin,
Fathers and Children
, 3–4.

29
.  Stannard,
American Holocaust
, 122.

30
.  Ibid., 122–23.

31
.  Prucha,
American Indian Treaties
, 184.

32
.  Quoted in Zinn,
People's History of the United States
, 129–30.

33
.  Ibid., 138.

34
.  Mooney,
Historical Sketch of the Cherokee
, 124.

35
.  Tocqueville,
Democracy in America
, 372–73.

36
.  Rogin,
Fathers and Children
, 3–4.

37
.  “Barack Obama's Inaugural Address,” transcript,
New York Times
, January 20, 2009.

1
.    Ford quoted in Kenner,
History of New Mexico–Plains Indian Relations
, 83; Thompson,
Recollections of Mexico
, 72.

2
.    Whitman quoted in McDougall,
Promised Land, Crusader State
, 11. Whitman expressed many such views during the US-Mexican War in the newspaper he edited, the
Brooklyn Daily Eagle.
For an in-depth study of the intellectual, poetic, media, and mass popularity of the war, see Johannsen,
To the Halls of the Montezumas
; also see Reynolds,
Walt Whitman's America
.

3
.    Whitman quoted in Reynolds,
John Brown Abolitionist
, 449.

4
.    Horsman,
Race and Manifest Destiny
, 185.

5
.    See Zacks,
Pirate Coast
; and Boot,
Savage Wars of Peace
, 3–29.

6
.    Blackhawk,
Violence over the Land
, 145–75.

7
.    Pike,
Expeditions of Zebulon Montgomery Pike
. Coues, Pike's editor, characterized the expedition's straying into Spanish territory and his arrest as “a particular accident of a general design” (499). See also Owsley and Smith,
Filibusters and Expansionists
.

8
.    See Unrau,
Indians, Alcohol, and the Roads to Taos and Santa Fe
.

9
.    Pike,
Expeditions
, 499; Blackhawk,
Violence over the Land
, 117.

10
.  See Weber,
Taos Trappers
.

11
.  Dunbar-Ortiz,
Roots of Resistance
, 80; see also Hall,
Laws of Mexico
.

12
.  See Sides,
Blood and Thunder
, 92–101; Chaffin,
Pathfinder
, 33–35.

13
.  Holton,
Unruly Americans and the Origins of the Constitution
, 14.

14
.  Lamar,
Far Southwest
, 7–10.

15
.  See Vlasich,
Pueblo Indian Agriculture
.

16
.  See Sando and Agoyo,
Po'Pay
; Wilcox,
Pueblo Revolt and the Mythology of Conquest
; Dunbar-Ortiz,
Roots of Resistance
, 31–45; Carter,
Indian Alliances and the Spanish in the Southwest
.

17
.  Anderson,
Conquest of Texas
, 4, 18–29. See also “4th Largest Tribe in US? Mexicans Who Call Themselves American Indian,”
Indian Country Today
, August 5, 2013,
http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/
(accessed September 27, 2013).

18
.  Anderson,
Conquest of Texas
, 18–29. For a fascinating and historically accurate fictional account of Texas's independence from Mexico, see Russell,
Escape from Texas
.

19
.  See Anderson,
Conquest of Texas.
For the Texas Rangers' continuation of their counterinsurgent role in the twentieth century, see Johnson,
Revolution in Texas
; Harris and Sadler,
Texas Rangers and the Mexican Revolution
.

20
.  Tinker,
Missionary Conquest
, 42.

21
.  For documentation of California Indian resistance, see Jackson and Castillo,
Indians, Franciscans, and Spanish Colonization
, 73–86.

22
.  Murguía,
Medicine of Memory
, 40–41.

23
.  See Heizer,
Destruction of California Indians
. See also Cook,
Population of the California Indians
.

24
.  See Johannsen,
To the Halls of the Montezumas.

25
.  See Kiser,
Dragoons in Apacheland
.

Epigraph: Ortiz,
from Sand Creek
, 20.

1
.    “Selected Statistics on Slavery in the United States,”
Causes of the Civil War
,
http://www.civilwarcauses.org/stat.htm
(accessed December 10, 2013).

2
.    Chang,
Color of the Land
, 36.

3
.    See Confer,
Cherokee Nation in the Civil War
; Spencer
, American Civil War in the Indian Territory
; McLoughlin,
After the Trail of Tears
.

4
.    See Katz,
Black Indians
; Duvall, Jacob, and Murray,
Secret History of the Cherokees
.

5
.    See Wilson and Schommer,
Remember This
!; Wilson,
In the Footsteps of Our Ancestors
; Anderson,
Kinsmen of Another Kind
, 261–81; Anderson,
Little Crow
.

6
.    From Charles Eastman,
Indian Boyhood
(1902), quoted in Nabokov,
Native American Testimony
, 22.

7
.    West,
Contested Plains
, 300–301.

8
.    Ortiz,
from Sand Creek
, 41.

9
.    See Kelman,
Misplaced Massacre
.

10
.  From A. N. Ellis, “Reflections of an Interview with Cochise,” Kansas State Historical Society 13 (1913–14), quoted in Nabokov,
Native American Testimony
, 177.

11
.  Utley,
Indian Frontier of the American West
, 82. Also see Carleton,
Prairie Logbooks
, 3–152.

12
.  From
Condition of the Indian Tribes
, Senate Report no. 156, 39th Cong., 2nd sess. (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1867), quoted in Nabokov,
Native American Testimony
, 197–98.

13
.  See Denetdale,
Long Walk
; and Denetdale,
Reclaiming Diné History
.

14
.  See Gates,
History of Public Land Law Development
.

15
.  For a booster version of the relationship between the land acts and colonization, see Hyman,
American Singularity
.

16
.  White, “
It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own
,” 139.

17
.  Westphall,
Public Domain in New Mexico
, 43.

18
.  See White,
Railroaded
.

19
.  This is the total number of treaties signed by both parties, ratified by the US Congress, and proclaimed by US presidents. Many more treaties negotiated between the United States and Indigenous nations and signed by the president were not ratified by Congress, or if ratified were not proclaimed, the California Indigenous peoples' treaties being the most numerous, so there are actually around six hundred treaties that are considered legitimate by the Indigenous nations concerned. See Deloria,
Behind the Trail of Broken Treaties
; Deloria and DeMallie,
Documents of American Indian Diplomacy
; Johansen,
Enduring Legacies
.

20
.  See 16 Stat. 566, Rev. Stat. Sec. 2079; 25 U.S. Code Sec. 71.

21
.  Hanson,
Memory and Vision
, 211.

22
.  From Marriott and Rachlin,
American Indian Mythology
, quoted in Nabokov,
Native American Testimony
, 174–75.

23
.  Parish,
Charles Ilfeld Company
, 35.

24
.  Sherman to Grant, May 28, 1867, quoted in Fellman,
Citizen Sherman
, 264.

25
.  Sherman to Herbert A. Preston, April 17, 1873, quoted in Marszalek,
Sherman
, 379.

26
.  See Utley,
Cavalier in Buckskin
, 57–103.

27
.  See Hahn,
Nation under Our Feet
.

28
.  See Enloe,
Ethnic Soldiers
.

29
.  Stanford L. Davis, “Buffalo Soldiers & Indian Wars,” Buffalosoldier.net,
http://www.buffalosoldier.net/index.htm
(accessed September 30, 2013).

30
.  Jace Weaver, “A Lantern to See By,” 315; see also Enloe,
Ethnic Soldiers
.

31
.  Bob Marley, “Buffalo Soldier,” by Bob Marley and Noel G. Williams, recorded 1980, on
Confrontation
, Island Records, 90085-1, 1983.

32
.  See Wolfe, “Settler Colonialism and the Elimination of the Native.”

33
.  Sandoz,
Cheyenne Autumn
.

34
.  See Williams,
Empire as a Way of Life
.

35
.  Child,
Boarding School Seasons
; also see Christine Lesiak, director, “In the White Man's Image,”
The American Experience
, season four, episode twelve (PBS, 1992).

36
.  Deloria,
Custer Died for Your Sins
.

37
.  From Deloria,
Speaking of Indians
, quoted in Nabokov,
Native American Testimony,
253–55.

38
.  See Brown,
Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee
; Coleman,
Voices of Wounded Knee
.

39
.  L. F. Baum, “Editorials on the Sioux Nation,” University of Oxford History of Science, Medicine, and Technology website,
http://hsmt.history.ox.ac.uk//courses_reading/undergraduate/authority_of_nature/week_7/baum.pdf
.

40
.  Quoted in Vizenor,
Native Liberty
, 143–44.

41
.  Quoted in Utley, “The Ordeal of Plenty Horses,” 16.

42
.  Deloria,
Indians in Unexpected Places
, 28.

43
.  Ibid., 35–36.

44
.  From
New Directions in Indian Purpose
, quoted in Nabokov,
Native American Testimony
, 421.

45
.  See Chang,
Color of the Land.
For well-documented details on widespread corruption involved in using allotment to dispose of the lands of the Native nations and individual Indian allotment holders in Oklahoma, see Debo,
And Still the Waters Run
.

46
.  From Deloria,
Speaking of Indians
, quoted in Nabokov,
Native American Testimony
, 249.