An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States (44 page)

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INDEX

Please note that page numbers are not accurate for the e-book edition.

Adams, Hank, 182, 185

African American(s): as buffalo soldiers, 139, 143, 146–49, 167; and civil rights, 10, 175–76; and Jim Crow laws, 140, 170; and “race to innocence,” 230; and Seminole Nation, 66, 101–2

African American slaves and slavery: and Civil War, 133–34; escaped, 66, 79, 101; of Indigenous elite, 91, 98, 134; and plantation economy, 55, 109; as property, 35, 198; and Red Sticks, 99; reparations to, 206; sea voyages and, 34; in Union Army, 135–36; in Virginia, 61

African slaves and slavery: Britain and, 38; in Caribbean Basin, 23, 119; in Mexico, 127; population of, 133; in South America, 43

agriculture: of Aztecs, 20; early centers of, 15–17; in Great Lakes region, 24–25; industrialization and, 166; in Mesoamerica, 17–21; in Northern Mexico, 125; in Pacific Northwest, 25; and peoples of the corn, 30–31; systematic destruction of Indigenous, 61, 87; in US Southwest, 21–24

AIM (American Indian Movement), 184–86, 203, 207, 260n21

Akenson, Donald Harman, 48–49

Alamo, 126, 127

Alcatraz Island, occupation of, 174, 183–84

alcohol and alcoholism, 41, 69–70, 84, 152, 211

Alfred, Taiaiake, 214

allotments, 157–61, 171–73, 189, 249n2

American Indian Movement (AIM), 184–86, 203, 207, 260n21

“American party of Taos,” 122

Amherst, Jeffery, 67–68

Anasazi people, 22

ancestral remains, repatriation of, 206, 231–33

Anishinaabe[g] Nation, 24, 216–17

Ankeah, Sam, 171

Apache Nation, 23, 138, 150–51

Arawaks, 23

assimilation, 151, 157, 173–74

Aztec civilization, 19–21

Bacon's Rebellion, 61–62

Bahlul, Ali Hamza al, 201–2

Balboa, Vasco Núñez de, 43

“Battle of Horseshoe Bend” (1814), 99–100

Battle of Little Bighorn (1870), 151–52, 155

Battle of San Jacinto (1836), 127

Battle of the Alamo (1836), 126, 127

Battle of the Thames (1813), 87

Baum, L. Frank, 155–56

Bay of Pigs (1961), 177

Benton, Thomas Hart, 102, 122, 123

Bent's Fort, 122

BIA.
See
Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)

Big Foot (Chief), 154–55

bin Laden, Osama, 56, 201

bison.
See
buffalo

Black Americans.
See
African American(s)

Black Caribs.
See
Garifuna people

Black Elk, 162

Black Elk, Wallace, 178

“Black Hawk War” (1832), 111

Black Hills (Paha Sapa): gold rush in, 152, 188; restoration to Lakota Sioux of, 180, 211, 236; US confiscation and remuneration for, 207–8

Black Kettle (Chief), 137, 146

“blood quantum,” 170

Blue Jacket (Weyapiersenwah), 81, 83, 85

Blue Lake, 179–80, 258n5

Boarding School Healing Project, 212

boarding schools, 151, 153, 211–14

Boas, Franz, 231

Boers, 48, 140

Bolívar, Simon, 119–20

Boone, Daniel, 94, 105, 106–7, 227

Borah, Woodrow Wilson, 41

Bozeman Trail, 145

Bradford, William, 63

Brant, Joseph, 81, 84

Britain: conquests by, 38; Indigenous alliances with, 81, 86–87; land as private property in, 34–36; transfer of Ohio Country from, 78

Brown, Dee, 193

Buckongeahelas, 73–74

buffalo: and Fort Laramie, 187–88; and Ghost Dance, 153; in pre-colonial America, 24, 28; and Sand Creek Massacre, 137; slaughter of, 142–43, 188, 220

Buffalohead, Roger, 213

buffalo soldiers, 143, 146–49, 167

Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA): and boarding schools, 151, 189; and energy resources, 209; and Indian Relocation Act, 174; and Indian Reorganization Act, 190; investment of Indigenous funds by, 168; and Trail of Broken Treaties, 185

burial offerings, repatriation of, 206, 231–33

Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee
(Brown), 193

Bush, George H. W., 198

Bush, George W., 195, 218, 222

Byrd, Jodi, 218, 224, 228–29, 231

Cahokia, 23–24

California: gold seekers in, 129, 130; Spanish control of, 125–26, 127–29; statehood of, 124; US invasion of, 123, 127–30

Calley, William “Rusty,” 192–93

Calloway, Colin, 39–40

Calvinist origin story, 47–51

El Camino Real, 128

Canby, Edward R. S., 223–24

Captain Jack (Kintpuash), 223–24

Caribbean: US imperialism in, 162–67

Caribs, 23

Carleton, James, 138, 139

Carlisle Indian Industrial School, 151, 156, 157, 212

Carson, Christopher Houston “Kit,” 122, 123, 137, 138

Carter, Jimmy, 192

Casey, Edward, 156–57

casinos, 210

Center for Constitutional Rights (CCR), 201–2

Central America: early Indigenous civilizations in, 17–21; independence movement in, 119–20

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 176–77

CERT (Council of Energy Resource Tribes), 209–10

Chagossians, 225

Chambers, David Wade, 29

Chang, David, 1, 135

Chatters, James C., 232–33

Cheeseekau, 89

Cherokee Nation: assault against, 87–90; forced march (Trail of Tears) of, 112–14; in French and Indian War, 68–69; in Georgia (state), 110; in Georgia colony, 66; on Indian removal policy, 111–12; origins of, 30; resistance to allotment by, 158; treaties with Confederacy by, 135; during war of independence, 74–76

Cherokee national fund, 168

Cheyenne Nation, 146, 149

Chickamaugas, 88–90

Chickasaw Nation, 97, 113–14, 168

Chief Joseph, 149, 165

child abuse at boarding schools, 212–13

Chippewa Nation, 24

Chiricahuas, 150–51

Chivington, John, 137–38

Choctaws, 97, 113–14

Church, Benjamin, 64

CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), 176–77

citizenship, 169

City of Sherrill v. Oneida Nation of Indians
(2005), 200

civilian attacks: on Cheyennes, 149; after Civil War, 139–40; during Civil War, 94; in colonial period, 65; by Custer, 145–46, 151–52; on Dakotas, 136; in French and Indian War, 67; under Grant, 146; in Illinois and Indiana Territories, 87; in irregular warfare, 59; in Mexico, 131; on Muskogees, 99; My Lai massacre as, 192–93; on Navajos, 138; in Philippines, 166; on Seminoles, 102; in US military history, 58, 59, 196; after war of independence, 93; by “Mad” Anthony Wayne, 82–83; in West, 149, 152; at Wounded Knee, 154–55

civil rights era, 10, 175–77, 182

Civil War: colonial policy and, 140–46; genocidal army of West in, 136–40; Indigenous soldiers in, 133–34, 135–36; irregular warfare in, 94; Mexican War and, 131–32; settlers during, 134–36

Clarke, Elijah, 92

Coahuila Kikapú (Kickapoo) Nation, 126

Cobell v. Salazar
(2011), 206

Cochise, 138

Collier, John, 171–73

colonialism: British overseas, 195, 199; Doctrine of Discovery and, 199–201

colonial period, 56–77; expansion in, 65–66; French and Indian War in, 67–71; Haudenosaunee in, 76–77; militias in, 58–60; in New England, 61–64; in Ohio Country, 71–74; roots of genocide in, 57–60; scalp hunting in, 64–65; Virginia colony in, 60–62; war of independence in, 74–76

colonization: and Calvinist origin story, 48; and culture of conquest, 32; and future of United States, 218, 229; of Northern Mexico, 121–24, 126; by Scots-Irish, 52–54; and terminal narratives, 39–42; after war of independence, 78, 79; of West, 138, 141, 143–44; white supremacy and class and, 36–39