A History of the Roman World (58 page)

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D. THE FIRST AND SECOND PUNIC WARS

264-241	First Punic War.
264	Roman alliance with Mamertines. Roman army lands in Sicily.
263	Hiero becomes Roman ally.
262	Capture of Agrigentum.
260	Naval victory off Mylae.
259	Roman occupation of Corsica.
258	Naval victory off Sulci.
257	Naval victory off Tyndaris.
256	Naval victory off Ecnomus. Regulus lands in Africa.
255	Defeat of Regulus’ army. Naval victory off Cape Hermaeum.
Roman fleet wrecked off Pachynus.
254	Romans capture Panormus.
253	Roman fleet wrecked off Palinurus.
250	Victory at Panormus. Siege of Lilybaeum.
249	Claudius’ naval defeat at Drepana. Roman transport fleet wrecked.
247	Hamilcar Barca starts Carthaginian offensive in Sicily.
244	Latin colony at Brundisium.
243	Roman fleet built from voluntary loans.
242	Institution of praetor peregrinus.
241	Naval victory off Aegates Insulae. Peace. Roman occupation of Sicily. Falerii reduced. Latin colony at Spoletium. Two tribes created in Picenum (total 35).
241?	Reform of the Comitia Centuriata.
238-225	Occupation and reduction of Corsica and Sardinia.
238-230	Intermittent campaigns against the Ligurians.
236	First play of Naevius.
Gallic raids in the North.
c. 235	The quadrigatus introduced.
235-234	Temple of Janus closed.
232	Distribution of ager Callicus carried by Flaminius.
231	Roman embassy to Hamilcar in Spain.
229-228	First Illyrian War. Roman protectorate established on the Illyrian coast.
228	Roman envoys in Greece.
227	Praetorships raised to four. Sicily and Sardinia under praetors.
226	Roman embassy to Hasdrubal in Spain; Ebro treaty.
225	Invading Gauls defeated at Telamon.
223	Flaminius defeats Insubres.
222	Battle of Clastidium; Insubres surrender.
221-220	North-eastern frontier secured to Julian Alps.
c. 221	Saguntines appeal to Rome.
220	Construction of Via Flaminia.
219	Second Illyrian War; Demetrius defeated.
(aut.) Hannibal storms Saguntum.
218?	Lex Claudia.
Latin colonies at Placentia and Cremona.
Roman ultimatum to Carthage. War declared (spring).
218-201	Second Punic War.
218	Hannibal in northern Italy. Battles of Ticinus and Trebia.
217	Roman naval victory off the Ebro. Battle of Lake Trasimene.
216	Battle of Cannae. Revolts in central Italy, and of Capua.
215	Tributum doubled.
Hannibal in South Italy. Hasdrubal defeated at Dertosa.
Alliance of Carthage with Philip and Syracuse.
214	Roman successes in Spain.
214-205	First Macedonian War.
213	Hannibal occupies Tarentum. Roman siege of Syracuse.
212	Siege of Capua.
Ludi Apollinares introduced.
212-211	The denarius introduced.
211	Hannibal’s march on Rome. Fall of Capua and Syracuse. Roman alliance with Aetolia.
The Scipios defeated in Spain.
210	Twelve Latin colonies refuse contingents. Fall of Agrigentum.
Scipio Africanus lands in Spain.
209	Recapture of Tarentum. Capture of New Carthage.
208	Death of Marcellus. Battle of Baecula.
207	Hasdrubal defeated at Metaurus.
206	Battle of Ilipa. Final reduction of Spain. Aetolians make peace with Philip.
205	Scipio in Sicily. Peace of Phoenice (or 204).
204	Ennius brought to Rome. Cult stone of Mother Goddess brought from Asia Minor.
Scipio lands in Africa.
203	Syphax defeated. Battle of the Great Plains. Armistice broken.
Defeat of Mago. Hannibal recalled in winter.
202	First prose history of Rome by Fabius Pictor.
Scipio’s victory at Zama (aut.).
201	Peace. Masinissa king of Greater Numidia. Carthage becomes a client state. Appeal of Attalus and Rhodes.

E. EXTENSION OF EMPIRE

200-196	Second Macedonian War.
200	War declared on Philip. Insubres sack Placentia.
199	Lex Porcia, limiting Imperium of governors. Death of Naevius.
198	Flamininus’ victory at the Aoiis. Achaeans join Rome.
197	Praetorships raised to six. Spain organized as two provinces.
Cethegus defeats Insubres. Battle of Cynoscephalae.
Peace between Philip and Rome (winter). Revolt of Turdetani in Spain.
196	Final defeat of Insubres by Marcellus. Flamininus’ proclamation at
Corinth. Appeal of Smyrna to Senate.
195	Repeal of Lex Oppia. Lex Porcia, forbidding scourging of citizens.
Hannibal exiled. Masinissa starts his raids on Punic territory. Cato in Spain. War against Nabis.
194	Roman colonies at Volturnum, Liternum, Puteoli, Salernum, Pyrgi, Sipontum, Tempsa, Croton, Buxentum.
Lusitani defeated; war drags on intermittently.
Evacuation of Greece.
193	Latin colony at Copia.
192-189	War with Antiochus.
192	Latin colony at Vibo. The Apuani checked. War declared on Antiochus, who lands in Greece (Oct.).
191	Lex Acilia, concerning the calendar.
Boii defeated by Scipio Nasica. Antiochus defeated at Thermopylae. War in Aetolia. Antiochus’ fleet defeated off Corycus.
190	Placentia and Cremona resettled. The Scipios in Greece.
Antiochus’ fleet defeated at Side and Myonnesus.
189	Libertini enrolled in rustic tribes.
Latin colony at Bononia. Campanians enrolled as citizens. Fall of Ambracia. Peace with Aetolia.
Defeat of Antiochus at Magnesia. Manlius raids Galatia.
188	Full citizenship granted to Arpinum, Formiae, Fundi.
Treaty of Apamea. Settlement of Asia.
187	Government liquidates war debt. Attacks on Scipios.
Non-citizens expelled from Rome.
Via Aemilia and Via Flaminia.
186	Senatus consultum de Bacchanalibus.
Ligurians defeat Philippus.
184	Cato censor. Death ofPlautus. Exile of Scipio Africanus.
Roman colonies at Potentia, Pisaurum. Philip sends Demetrius to Rome.
183	Lex Furia Testamentaria. Death of Scipio Africanus.
Roman colonies at Parma, Mutina, Saturnia.
181	Lex Baebia. Lex Orchia (sumptuary).
Latin colony at Aquileia. Roman colony at Graviscae.
Ingauni defeated. End of Achaeo-Spartan quarrel.
Revolt in Corsica and Sardinia.
181-179	First Celtiberian War.
180	Lex Villia Annalis.
Latin colony at Luca. Apuani defeated. Foundation of Graccuris in Spain.
179	Accession of Perseus.
178	Expedition against Istri.
177	Latins expelled from Rome.
Roman colony at Luna. Annexation of Istria.
177-176	Sardinia reduced.
173	Latins expelled from Rome. Two Epicurean philosophers expelled.
Envoys sent to arbitrate between Masinissa and Carthage.
172	Two plebeian consuls.
172-167	Third Macedonian War.
171	Temporary court de repetundis.
Latin colony at Carteia in Spain.
169	Lex Voconia. Freedmen confined to one urban tribe.
Quarrel between Senate and Equites.
168	Defeat of Perseus at Pydna. Romans capture Scodra.
Antiochus checked. Delos declared a free port. Foundation of Corduba in Spain (or 151).
167	Tributum discontinued. Perseus’ library brought to Rome. Epirus plundered. Macedon divided into four, Illyria into three protectorates. 1,000 Achaeans deported to Italy.
166-159	Production of Terence’s comedies.
163	Final reduction of Corsica.
161	Lex Fannia (sumptuary). Expulsion of Greek philosophers.
Treaty with Jews.
159	Law against bribery.
157-155	Roman campaigns in Dalmatia and Pannonia.
155	Carneades in Rome.
154	Oxybian Ligurians defeated.
154-138	Lusitanian War.
153-151	Second Celtiberian War.
151	Carthage declares war on Masinissa.
150	Return of Achaean exiles to Greece.
c. 150	Lex Aelia Fufia. Lex Aebutia, establishing a formulary system of legal procedure.
149-146	Third Punic War.
149	Permanent court de repetundis (Lex Calpurnia).
Publication of Cato’s Origines.
Siege of Carthage begun. Rising of Andriscus in Macedon.
148	Via Postumia.
147	Viriathus successful.
Macedonia becomes a province.
146	Destruction of Carthage. Africa becomes a province. War between
Rome and Achaeans. Sack of Corinth.
143-133	Third Celtiberian, or Numantine War.
139	Death of Viriathus.
133	Fall of Numantia.

S
ELECT
B
IBLIOGRAPHY

A full bibliography of earlier works will be found in
The Cambridge Ancient History
, vols iv (1926), vii (1928), viii (1930), and more detailed works are cited in the following notes.

A. GENERAL HISTORIES

J. B. Bury, S. A. Cook, F. E. Adcock and M. P. Charlesworth,
The Cambridge Ancient History
, vol. iv, chs 12 and 13; vol. vii, chs 10–18, 20, 21, 24–6; vol. viii, chs 1–15; vol. ix, chs 10, 20, 21 (Cambridge, 1926–32).

M. Cary and H. H. Scullard,
A History of Rome
, edn 3 (London, 1975).

G. De Sanctis,
Storia dei Romani
, 4 vols (Turin, 1907 – 64).

T. Frank,
A History of Rome
(New York, 1923).

T. Frank,
Roman Imperialism
(New York, 1914).

L. Homo,
Primitive Italy
(London, 1927).

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