Read A History of the Roman World Online
Authors: H. H. Scullard
A History of the Roman World (56 page)
It may be found useful to provide a list of some of the more important literary sources for this period. To attempt to give a complete list, and still more to
add references to the epigraphic, archaeological and numismatic material, would far exceed the scope of this short note. But the following references may help to put those readers, who do not already know the way well, on the track of some of the more important literary sources for the narrative portions of this book. Authors’ names are given in full in the first reference, but are then generally abbreviated (note, L. for Livy, and P. for Polybius).
7
THE ETRUSCANS
. Appian,
Lib
., ix, 66; Dionysius of Halicarnassus, i, 26–30; Herodotus, i, 94; Justin, xx, 5; Pliny,
N.H
., iii, 50, 51; 112 f., 133; Strabo, v, 2, 1–2; 2, 4; Tacitus,
Ann
., iv; 55, xi, 14; Thucydides, iv, 109; Livy, v, 33.
2
THE FOUNDATION OF ROME; THE LEGENDS
. Dionys., i, 72–4; Festus,
s.v.
Roma; Cicero,
de rep
., ii, 3; 5–7; 10, 18; Plutarch,
Romul.
, 12; Velleius Paterculus, i, 8; Solinus, i; Orosius, ii, 1.
3–4
THE EARLY KINGS. THE SIXTH-CENTURY KINGS
. L., i, ii, 1–15; Dionys., ii–v, 36; Cic,
de rep.
, ii, 1–30; Plut.,
Romul.; Numa; Poplicola
; App.,
Basilic
., 1–12; Dio Cassius, i–iv; Zonaras, vii, 1–12; Eutropius, i. 1–11; Florus, i, 1–2; 4.
L. ii–iv (see especially ii, 1; 8; 18; 32–5; 41–2; 52; 54–7; iii, 20, 7; 30, 7; 33–59; iv, 1; 6–8; 12–16; 24; 43–4; 54); v, 12; 7–13; Dionys., v–xi (see esp. v, 19; vi, 89; ix, 41–9;x, 55–61;xi, 1–46); Cic.,
de rep.
, ii, 31–7; de leg., iii, 3, 8–9; 7, 16–17; 8, 19; 10, 24; Dio, iv–vi (frgs); Zon., vii, 13–20; Tac,
Ann.
, xi, 22; Asconius,
in Cornelianam
, p. 76 Cl.; Diodorus, xii, 24–6; Pliny,
N.H.
, xviii, 4.
1
THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE
. L., i, 50; ii, 19–20; 22; 25–6; 33; 40, 12–41, 1; Dionys., v, 61; vi, 4–13; 95; viii, 69; Cic.
pro Balbo
, 23, 53; P., iii, 22.
2
THE SABINES, AEQUI AND VOLSCI
. L., ii–iv (see esp. ii, 16; 22; 25–6; 30–1; 33–49; 53; 58–60; 62–5; iii, 1–8; 15–18; 22–30; 42; 60–3; 66; 69–70; iv, 9–11; 26–30; 37; 43; 45–7; 51; 56–7); Dionys., ii, 49; v–xi (
passim
); Plut.,
Poplicola
, 20–2;
Coriolanus
; Diod., xi, 40, 5; xii, 30, 6; 34, 5; 64; xiii, 42, 6; xiv, 11, 6; Dio, v (frgs); Zon., vii, 16–18; App.,
Ital.
, 5–7 (frgs).
3
THE DUEL WITH VEII
L., ii, 42–50; iv, 17–23; 30–34; 57–61; v, 1–8; 13–32; Diod., xi, 53, 6; xii, 80, 6–8; xiv, 16, 5; 43, 5; 93; 98, 5; 102, 4; Plut.,
Camill.
, 1–13; Zon., vii, 20–1; Dionys., xiii, 1–2.
4
THE GALLIC CATASTROPHE
. L., v, 33–49; P., i, 6, 2–4; ii, 14–18; Diod., xiv, 113–17; Plut.,
Camill.
, 14–30; App.,
Celt.
, 1–9 (frgs); Dio, vii, 25; Dionys., i, 74; xiii, 6–10; Flor., i, 7.
5
THE RECOVERY OF ROME
. L. v, 50–5; vi, 1–10; 22–33; 42; vii, 7–27; P., ii, 18, 6–8; Plut.,
Camill.
, 31–43; Zon., vii, 24.
6–7
ROME’S WIDENING HORIZON. THE END OF THE LATIN LEAGUE
. L., vii, 27, 2; 29–42; viii, 1–14; P., iii, 22–7; Oros., iii, 7; Diod., xvi, 15; 45, 8; 69, 1; App.,
Samn.
, 1–2; Dio, vii, 35; Zon., vii, 26.
L., vi, 11; 14–21; 34–42 (see esp. 35, 4–5 (cf. x, 13, 14 and 23, 13), 42, 11–14); vii, 1; 15, 13; 16, 1; 17, 6; 21, 5; 22, 6–10; 27, 3–4; 41; 42, 1–2; viii, 12, 14–16; 15, 9; 23, 12; 28; ix, 20, 5; 29, 5–11; 30, 1–4; 33–4; 42, 1–3; 46; x, 6–9; 22, 9;
Epit.
, xi; xii; Dionys., xiv, 12; Diod., xv, 61, 1; xx, 36; Fest., p. 288L; App.,
BC
, i, 8; Gellius, xv, 27; Gaius, i, 3; Dio, viii, 37, 2–4; Zon., viii, 2; Pliny,
N.H.
, xvi, 10, 37.
1–3
ROME AND THE SAMNITES. THE GREAT SAMNITE WAR. ROME’S TRIUMPHANT ADVANCE
. L., viii, 15–17; 19–27; 29–31; 36–40; ix, 1–29; 31–2; 35–45; x, 1–5, 10–21; 25–46;
Epit.
, xi; xii; P., ii. 19–20; App.,
Samn.
, 4–6; Dio, viii, 36, 8–24; 28–32; Diod., xix, 10, 1–2; 65, 7; 72, 3–9; 76; 101; xx, 26, 3–4; 35; 44, 8–9; 80; 90, 3–4; 101, 4–5; Dionys., xv–xviii (frgs); Eutrop., ii, 9–10; Flor., i, 11–12; Velleius, i, 14, 3–6; Zon., vii, 26; 8, 1.
4–6
THE GREEKS OF SOUTHERN ITALY. THE ITALIAN ADVENTURE OF PYRRHUS. THE END OF PRE-ROMAN ITALY
. App.,
Samn.
, 7–12; Dio, ix–x; Diod., xx, 104; Dionys. xix– xx; Flor., i, 13–16; P., iii, 25; Justin (ep. Trog.), xviii, 1–2; L.,
Epit.
, xii–xv; Plut.,
Pyrrhus
; Velleius, i, 14, 7–8; Zon., viii, 2–7.
P., i, 5–64; L.,
Epit.
, xvi–xix; App.,
Sic.
, 1–2;
Lib.
, i, 1–4; Dio, xi; Diod., xxii–xxiv (frgs); Eutrop., ii, 18–28; Flor., i, 18; Oros., iv, 7–11; Zon., viii, 8–17.
2
CARTHAGE AND THE SARDINIAN QUESTION
. P., 1, 65–88; iii, 10; L.
Epit.
, xx; App.,
Sic.
, ii, 3; Zon., viii, 18.
3
ROME AND THE GAULS
. P., ii, 17–35; L.,
Epit.
, xx; Dio, xii, 50; Flor., i, 19–20; Zon., viii, 18; 20.
4
THE ILLYRIAN PIRATES
. P., ii, 2–12; iii, 16; 18–19; L.,
Epit.
, xx; App.,
Illyr.
, 2, 7–8; Dio, xii, 49; 53; Flor., i, 21; Zon., viii, 19–20.
5–6
THE PUNIC EMPIRE IN SPAIN. THE CAUSES OF THE SECOND PUNIC WAR
. P., ii, 1; 13; 36; iii, 10–15; 17; 20–30; 33; App.,
Iber.
, 1–2; Dio, xii, 48; Diod., xxv, 9; Justin, xliv; Zon, viii, 19; L., xxi, 1–3.
1, 2, 6
HANNIBAL’S INVASION OF NORTHERN ITALY. HANNIBAL IN CENTRAL ITALY. FABIUS AND ROME’S DEFENSIVE
. P., iii, 33–94; 100–18; vii, 1; viii, 26–36; ix, 3–8; 22–6; 44; x, 1; L., xxi, 1–59; 61–2; xxii, 1–18; 23–61; xxiii, 1–25; 30–9; 42–9; xxiv, 1–3; 7–20; 43–9; xxv, 1–22; 40; xxvi, 1–16; 21–4; 26–40; xxvii, 1–16; App.,
Han.
, i–viii, 49; Dio, xiii–xv (frgs); Eutrop., iii, 7–23; Flor., i, 22; Nepos,
Hannib.
; Oros., iv, 14 ff.; Plut.,
Fab.; Marcell.
; Zon., viii, 21–ix, 6.
3
THE SCIPIOS AND SPAIN
. P., iii, 76; 95–9; ix, 11; L., xxi, 60–1; xxii, 19–22; xxiii, 26–9; xxiv, 41–2; xxv, 32–9; App.,
Iber.
, 3; Zon., ix, 3.
4
THE EXTENSION OF THE WAR TO MACEDON
. P., vii, 9; x, 25; 41; L., xxiii, 33; 40–1; xxiv, 40; xxvi; 24–6; xxvii, 29–33; xxviii, 5–8; xxix, 12; Zon., ix, 4.
5
MARCELLUS AND SICILY
. P., vii, 2–8; viii, 5–9; 37; ix, 10; 27; L., xxiv, 4–7; 21–39; xxv, 23–31; 40; xxvi, 40; App.,
Sic.
, iii–v; Zon., ix, 4–5.
1
SCIPIO’S CONQUEST OF SPAIN
. P., x, 2–20; 34–40; xi, 20–33; L., xxvi, 17–20; 41–51; xxvii, 17–20; xxviii, 1–4; 12–38; xxix, 1–2; App.,
Iber.
, 4–7; Dio, xvi (frgs); Eutrop., iii, 15; Zon., ix, 7–10.
2
THE WAR IN ITALY
. P., x, 32–3; xi, 1–3; L., xxvii, 20–9; 33–50; xxviii, 9–12; 38–46; xxix, 5–11; 13–23; 36–8; xxx, 1–2; 18–24; 26–8; 38–45; App.,
Han.
, viii, 50–ix, 61; Dio, xvi–xvii (frgs); Plut.,
Fab.; Marcell.
; Zon., ix, 8–9.
3–4.
THE ROMAN OFFENSIVE IN AFRICA. VICTORY AND PEACE
. P., xiv, 1–10; xv, 1–19; L., xxix, 3–4; 23–36; xxx, 3–17; 24; 29–38; App.,
Lib.
, ii, 7–ix, 66; Dio, xvii (frgs); Eutrop., iii, 20–3; Zon., ix, 12–14.
P., xv, 20–5; xvi, 1–12; 24–35; xviii, 1–12; 18–39; 42–8; L., xxxi, 1–9; 14–18; 22–47; xxxii, 1–25; 28; 32–40; xxxiii, 1–21; 27–35; xxxiv, 22–41; 48–52; App.,
Maced.
, iv–ix, 4; Dio, xviii, 57–60; Flor., i, 23; Plut.,
Flamininus
; Zon., ix, 15–16; 18.
1–
THE DIPLOMATIC CONFLICT. THE WAR IN GREECE
. P., xviii, 49–52; xx, 3; 7–11; xxi, 1–5; L., xxxiii, 38–41; xxxiv, 57; xxxv, 12–13; 15–19; 25–83; 42–51; xxxvi, 1–35; App.,
Syr.
, i, 1–iv, 21; Flor., i, 24; Plut.,
Cato
, 13–14; Zon., ix, 18–19.
3–4
THE WAR IN ASIA. THE SETTLEMENT OF THE EAST
. P., xxi, 6–48; L., xxxvi, 41–5; xxxvii, 1–45; 52–7; 60; xxxviii, 1–41; App.
Syr.
, v, 22–vii, 44; Flor., i, 27; Zon., ix, 20–1.
1
THE GROWING TENSION
. P., xxii, 1–4; 6–15; 18–19; xxiii, 1–18; xxiv, 1–3; 6–13; xxv, 2; L., xxxix, 23–9; 33–7; 46–53; xl, 2–16; 20–4; 54–8; xli, 22–5; xlii, 5–6.
2
THE THIRD MACEDONIAN WAR
. P., xxvii, 1–11; 14–16; xxviii, 3–15; xxiv, 1–11; 13–21; xxx, 6–15; 22; 29; 32; L., xlii, 25–67; xliii, 7–12; 17–23; xliv, 1–13; 16; 18; 20–46; xlv, 4; 6–9; 17–18; 26–34; App.
Mac.
, xi–xix;
Illyr.
, ii, 9–10; Dio, xx (frgs); Flor., i, 28; Plut.,
Aem. Paullus
; Zon., ix, 22–4.
3
THE HELLENISTIC EAST
. P., xxii, 5; 16–17; xxiv, 1; 5; 14–15; xxv, 1; 4–6; xxvi, 1; xxvii, 3–4; 7; 17–20; xxviii, 1–2; 16–23; xxix, 2; 22–7; xxx, 1–5; 16–21; 23–8; 30–1; xxxi, 1–20; 30–3; xxxii, 1–12; 15–16; xxxiii, 1–7; 11–19; xxxv, 6; xxxvi, 14–15; xxxix, 7; L., xli, 20; xlii, 11–17; 45; xliii, 6; xliv, 14–15; 19; xlv, 3; 10–13; 19–26; 44;
Epit.
, xlvi–liii; Zon., ix, 25.
4
THE END OF GREEK INDEPENDENCE
P., xxxvi, 10–11; 17; xxxviii, 9–18; xxxix, 2–6; L.,
Epit.
, xlix; lii; Flor., i, 30–2; Pausanias, vii, 11–16; Zon, ix, 28; 31.
1
THE NORTHERN FRONTIER
. P., xxxii, 9; 13; xxxiii, 8–10; L., xxxi, 2; 10; 29; xxxii, 29–31; 36–7; xxxiv, 46–8; xxxv, 3–6; 11; 22; xxxvi, 38–40; xxxix, 1–2; 20; 54–5; xl, 16; 25–8; 38; 41; 53; xli, 1–4; 10–12; 17–19; xlii, 7–9; App.,
Illyr.
, ii, 11; Dio, xviii; Flor., i, 26; Zon., ix. 15.
2–4
CATO AND GRACCHUS IN SPAIN. THE CELTIBERIAN AND LUSITANIAN WARS. THE NUMANTINE WAR
. P., xxxv, 1–5; L. xxxiii, 21; xxxiv, 8–21; xxxv, 1–2; 22; xxxix, 20–1; 30–1; xl, 16; 30–3; 35–6; 39–40; 47–50; xli, 26; App.,
Iber.
, viii, 39– xvi, 98; Dio, xxii–xxiii (frgs); Flor., i, 33–4; Plut.,
Cato
, 10; Zon., ix, 17.
5–7
CARTHAGE AND MASINISSA. DELENDA EST CARTHAGO. THE FALL OF CARTHAGE
. P., xxxi, 21; xxxvi, 1–9; 16; xxxviii, 7–8; 19–22; L., xxxi, 11; 19; xxxiii, 45–9; xxxiv, 60–2; xxxv, 14; xxxix, 51; xl, 17; xlii, 23–4; xlv, 13–14;
Epit.
, xlviii–liii; App.,
Lib.
, x, 67–xx, 135; Flor., i, 31; Zon., ix, 18; 26–7; 29–30.
P., vi, 11–56; L., xxxiii, 27, 6; xxxiv, 1; 45; xxxvii, 57; xxxviii, 42–60; xxxix, 8–19; 40–4; 55; xl, 19; 34; 37; 44; 51–2; xli, 9; xliii, 2–5; xlv, 15; Cic.
de rep.
, ii, 54;
de offic.
, ii, 75;
Brut.
, 106; Cato,
Speeches
(frgs); Gellius, x, 3, 13.
Many of the difficulties of Roman chronology derive from the long-continued absence of a generally accepted era. The main points chosen by the Romans were the foundation of the city, the first consulships, and the sack of Rome by the Gauls. Attempts to establish these dates were made by two methods, either by synchronizing them with Greek Olympiads or Athenian archonships, or by standardizing the list of Roman magistrates. By the former method the foundation of Rome was set in 752 (Cato), 751–750 (Polybius and Diodorus), 748 (Fabius) or 729–728 (Cincius); the first consulship in 508–507 by Polybius and 508 by Dionysius; and the sack of Rome in 387 by Polybius and Dionysius. The list of magistrates, however, was not quite long enough to span these periods, so that various expedients were devised by Roman antiquarians. Five years of anarchy (
solitudo magistratuum
) were interpolated into the period of the Licinian laws (so Livy and Fasti; Diodorus gives only one); or the same college of magistrates was repeated (those of 391–387 repeated after the Gallic invasion by Diodorus), or four years were interpolated during which dictators and masters of the horse were the chief magistrates (in 333, 324, 309, 301; Fasti). Finally, the foundation of Rome was set in 754–753 by Atticus and Varro; this date was officially accepted and so fixed chronology could be established
ab urbe condita
. In modern times the Varronian system is generally accepted as a convenient convention and is used in this volume; thus the sack of Rome is placed in 390 rather than more accurately in 387. The year of the foundation is usually set in 753 in order to allow only the 119 years which the Capitoline Fasti establish between the first consulship and the sack of Rome.
Though the dates from the third century can be established with adequate accuracy, the Roman calendar remained confused, because the Roman year of twelve lunar months was too short and constantly got out of gear with the solar year. To counterbalance this the pontiffs used to intercalate an extra month of 22 or 23 days after February every two years. But this was not satisfactory, especially during the Hannibalic War which engrossed all attention, and in fact the Roman calendar had advanced far ahead of the Julian, perhaps by some four months, though some calculations would put it at only one or two; the problem hinges on how many intercalations were in fact made (however, an eclipse which ocurred on 14 March 190 happened according to
the Roman calandar on 11 July). In 191 Acilius Glabrio passed a law to regulate intercalations, but this provisional remedy proved inadequate: thus the Roman date of an eclipse which occurred on 21 June 168 was 3 September, although intercalation had been made in 169. It needed the political scandals of the last century
BC
and the statesmanship of Julius Caesar to set the matter right.
6