The Red Flag: A History of Communism (107 page)

26
. N. Valentinov,
Encounters with Lenin
, trans. Paul Rosta and Brian Pearce (Oxford, 1968), p.23.

27
. A. Resis, ‘
Das Kapital
Comes to Russia’,
Slavic Review
29 (1970), p.121.

28
. This account is taken from Morrissey,
Heralds
, pp.75–80.

29
. R. Service,
Lenin. A Biography
(Basingstoke, 2005), pp.21–9; C. Read,
Lenin. A Revolutionary Life
(London, 2005), p.7.

30
. Service,
Lenin
, pp.21–9; Read,
Lenin
, pp.4–9.

31
. Cited in Read,
Lenin
, p.9.

32
. Service,
Lenin
, pp.100–1.

33
. N. Krupskaya,
Memories of Lenin
, trans. E. Verney (London, 1970), pp.264–5.

34
. V. Lenin,
Selected Works
[
SW
] (Moscow, 1977), vol. ii, p.304.

35
. Valentinov,
Encounters
, pp.67–8.

36
. Service,
Lenin
, p.115.

37
. Krupskaya,
Memories
, p.17.

38
. Cited in R. Pipes,
Struve: Liberal on the Left
(Cambridge, Mass., 1970), p.195.

39
. A. Walicki,
Marxism and the Leap to the Kingdom of Freedom
(Stanford, 1995), pp.298–9.

40
. V. Lenin,
Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii
[
PSS
] (Moscow, 1965–8, 5th edn), vol. vi, pp.99–100, 171.

41
. Lenin,
PSS
, vol. viii, p.379.

42
. For the influence of Chernyshevskii on Lenin, see Ingerflom,
Citoyen impossible
, ch.11.

43
. For this point, see L. Lih, ‘How a Founding Document was Found, or One Hundred Years of Lenin’s
What is to be Done?
’,
Kritika
4 (2003), pp.5–49.

44
. V. Lenin,
Collected Works
(47 vols.) (Moscow, 1960–70), vol. xxxiv, p.64.

45
. A. Ascher,
1905. Vol. 1: Russia in Disarray
(Stanford, 1988), p.91.

46
.
Tretyi s”ezd RSDRP. Protokoly
(Moscow, 1959), p.262.

47
. L. Trotsky,
1905
(Moscow, n.d.).

48
. N. Harding,
Lenin’s Political Thought. Theory and Practice in the Democratic Revolutions
(London, 1983), bk 1, pp.213–48, though some argue that Lenin and Trotsky were rather closer than this suggests. See M. Donald,
Marxism and Revolution. Karl Kautsky and the Russian Marxists
(New Haven, 1993), pp.87–93.

49
. R. Hilferding,
Finance Capital: a Study of the Latest Phase of Capitalist Development
, trans. and eds. M. Watnick and S. Gordon (London, 1981).

50
. V. Lenin,
Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism
(Moscow, 1982).

51
. A. Bely,
Petersburg
, trans. R. Maguire and J. Malmstad (Harmondsworth, 1983), pp.51–2.

52
. Ibid., p.14.

53
. Ibid., p.214.

54
. For the role of the Bronze Horseman in
Petersburg
, see R. Maguire and J. Malmstad, ‘Petersburg’, in J. Malmstad (ed.),
Andrey Bely. Spirit of Symbolism
(Ithaca, 1987), pp.133–4.

55
. Bely,
Petersburg
, p.64.

56
. Ibid., p.65.

57
. Cited in J. Sanborn,
Drafting the Russian Nation. Military Conscription, Total War, and Mass Politics, 1905
–
1925
(Dekalb, Ill., 2003), p.33.

58
. L. Siegelbaum,
The Politics of Industrial Mobilization in Russia, 1914
–
17: a Study of the War Industries Committees
(London, 1983), ch.3.

59
. P. Holquist,
Making War, Forging Revolution: Russia’s Continuum of Crisis, 1914
–
1921
(Cambridge, Mass., 2002), pp.26–36.

60
. O. Figes and B. Kolonitskii,
Interpreting the Russian Revolution: the Language and Symbols of 1917
(New Haven, 1999), p.31.

61
. J. von Geldern,
Bolshevik Festivals 1917–1920
(Berkeley, 1993), p.23.

62
. Figes and Kolonitskii,
Interpreting the Russian Revolution
, pp.70, 62.

63
. Ibid., pp.40, 62–4.

64
. For the soldiers’ committees, see A. Wildman,
The End of the Russian Imperial Army
(Princeton, 1980), vol. i, pp.228–45.

65
. See, for instance, the resolution of workers at the Putilov factory, St Petersburg, 9 September 1917, in V. Cherniaev et al. (eds.),
Piterskie rabochie i ‘Diktatura proletariata’, oktiabr’ 1917
–
1929: ekonomicheskie konflikty i politicheskii protest: sbornik dokumentov
(St Petersburg, 2000), p.292.

66
. Resolution of workers at the Nobel plant, 4 April 1917, Cherniaev et al.,
Piterskie
, p.334.

67
. Resolution translated in M. D. Steinberg,
Voices of Revolution, 1917
(New Haven, 2001), pp.221–2.

68
.
In the Shadow of Revolution: Life Stories of Russian Women from 1917 to the Second World War
, trans. Y. Slezkine, eds. S. Fitzpatrick and Y. Slezkine (Princeton, 2000).

69
. ‘Iz ofitserskikh pisem s fronta v 1917 g.’, cited in Steinberg,
Voices of Revolution
, p.21.

70
. Wildman,
End of the Russian Imperial Army
, vol. i., p.188.

71
. ‘Instruction, 18 October 1917’, in Steinberg,
Voices of Revolution
, p.232.

72
. For Hilferding’s influence, see Harding,
Lenin’s Political Thought
, bk 2, p.53.

73
. Lenin,
PSS
, vol. xxxiii, p.91.

74
.
Pravda
, 7 June 1917.

75
. Lenin,
PSS
, vol. xxxiv, p.316.

76
. This was the view of many members of the factory committees of 1917. See S. Smith,
Red Petrograd. Revolution in the Factories, 1917
–
18
(Cambridge, 1983), p.198.

77
. ‘A Letter’, in
The Complete Works of Isaac Babel
, trans. P. Constantine, ed. N. Babel (New York, 2002), pp.208–12.

78
. For this point, see Patricia Carden,
The Art of Isaac Babel
(Ithaca and London, 1972), esp. p.93.

79
. Lenin,
PSS
, vol. xxxv, pp.195–202.

80
. For popular involvement in the persecutions, see Figes,
People’s Tragedy
, pp.520–36.

81
. Anna Litveiko, in
In the Shadow of Revolution.

82
. Sofia Volkonskaia, ‘The Way of Bitterness’, in
In the Shadow of Revolution
, p.156.

83
. R. Fuelop-Miller,
The Mind and Face of Bolshevism
(New York, 1965), pp.142–4; von Geldern,
Bolshevik Festivals
, pp.156–60; R. Stites,
Revolutionary Dreams. Utopian Vision and Experimental Life in the Russian Revolution
(New York, 1989), pp.94–5.

84
. B. Taylor,
Art and Literature under the Bolsheviks, Volume I: The Crisis of Renewal, 1917
–
1924
(London, 1991), pp.56–60.

85
. Stites,
Revolutionary Dreams
, pp.88–90.

86
. Lenin,
PSS
, vol. xxxvi, pp.189–200.

87
. K. Bailes,
Technology and Society under Lenin and Stalin. Origins of the Soviet Technical Intelligentsia, 1917
–
1941
(Princeton, 1978), p.49.

88
. For the debate over Taylorism, see K. Bailes, ‘Alexei Gastev and the Soviet Controversy over Taylorism, 1918–1924’,
Soviet Studies
29 (1977), pp.373–94; S. Smith, ‘Taylorism Rules OK?’,
Radical Science Journal
13 (1983), pp.3–27.

89
. Lenin,
PSS
, vol. xxxvi, p.293.

90
. Although in the spring of 1918, Lenin only called for ‘state capitalism’ rather than state control over the economy. Nationalization occurred only gradually.

91
. Lenin,
PSS
, vol. xlii, p.157.

92
. N. Bukharin and E. Preobrzhensky,
The ABC of Communism
(Harmonds-worth, 1969), p.444.

93
. A. Gastev,
Poeziia rabochego udara
(Moscow, 1971), p.19.

94
. Stites,
Revolutionary Dreams
, pp.156–7.

95
. A. Gastev,
O tendentsiiakh proletarskoi kul’tury
, cited in Bailes, ‘Alexei Gastev and the Soviet Controversy over Taylorism’, pp.377–8.