The Red Flag: A History of Communism (105 page)

2
. See F. Furet,
Marx and the French Revolution
, trans. D. Furet (Chicago, 1988).

3
. Ibid., p.21.

4
. P. Buonarotti,
Conspiration pour l’égalité dite de Babeuf: suivie du procès auquel elle donna lieu, et des pièces justicatives
(Brussels, 1828), vol. ii, pp.132–8; R. Rose,
Gracchus Babeuf: the First Revolutionary Communist
(Stanford, 1978), 213.

5
. Cited in R. Hunt,
The Political Ideas of Marx and Engels
(2 vols.) (London, 1984), vol. i, pp.155–6. See also C. Lattek,
Revolutionary Refugees. German Socialism in Britain, 1840–1860
(London, 2006), ch.2.

6
. For the use of this term, and the distinction between utopians and the egalitarian Communists, see G. Stedman Jones, ‘Introduction’, K. Marx and F. Engels,
The Communist Manifesto
(London, 2002), pp.66, 69.

7
. C. Fourier,
The Theory of the Four Movements,
eds. G. Stedman Jones and I. Patterson (Cambridge, 1996).

8
. P.-J. Proudhon,
What is Property?
, eds. D. Kelley and B. Smith (Cambridge, 1994), p.196.

9
. R. Owen,
Selected Works
,
vol. 3, The Book of the New Moral World
, ed. G. Claeys (London, 1993), p.292.

10
. Keith Taylor (ed.),
Henri Saint-Simon (1760–1825): Selected Writings on Science, Industry and Social Organization
(London, 1975), pp.166–8.

11
.
Reminiscences of Marx and Engels
(Moscow, n.d), p.130.

12
. David McLellan,
Karl Marx: a Biography
(London, 1995), p.12.

13
. Cited in S. Barer,
The Doctors of Revolution
(London, 2000), pp.548–9.

14
. Cited in L. P. Wessel,
Prometheus Bound. The Mythic Structure of Karl Marx’s Scientific Thinking
(Baton Rouge, 1984), p.118.

15
. Cited in ibid., p.119.

16
. For this contrast between the two, see especially Stedman Jones, ‘Introduction’, Marx and Engels,
Communist Manifesto
, pp.50–71. See also McLellan,
Karl Marx
, pp.112 ff.

17
. For Marx’s understanding of this idea, see A. Walicki,
Marxism and the Leap to the Kingdom of Freedom
(Stanford, 1995), p.41.

18
. For a discussion of these ideas, see B. Yack,
The Longing for Total Revolution. Philosophic Sources of Social Discontent from Rousseau to Marx and Nietzsche
(Berkeley, 1992), pp.256 ff.

19
. K. Marx, ‘On James Mill’, in K. Marx,
The Early Texts
, ed. D. McLellan (Oxford, 1971), p.202.

20
. K. Marx and F. Engels,
Collected Works
[
MECW
] (New York, 1975–), vol. v, p.47.

21
. K. Marx, ‘Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844’, in Marx,
Early Texts
, pp.146–7.

22
. Cited in Barer,
Doctors
, p.351.

23
. For this analysis, see Walicki,
Marxism
, pp.82–3.

24
. Marx and Engels,
Communist Manifesto
, pp.222–3.

25
. Ibid., p.225.

26
. Ibid., pp.243–4.

27
. For a more detailed discussion of the tension between these Marxisms, see D. Priestland,
Stalinism and the Politics of Mobilization. Ideas, Power and Terror in Inter-war Russia
(Oxford, 2007), pp.21–34. Many others have commented on contradictions in Marx’s thought, drawing slightly different distinctions. See A. Gouldner,
The Two Marxisms. Contradictions and Anomalies in the Development of Theory
(London, 1980), p.32; S. Hanson,
Time and Revolution. Marxism and the Design of Soviet Institutions
(Chapel Hill, 1997), pp.37–55.

28
. ‘Diary of Norbert Truquin’, in M. Traugott (ed.),
The French Worker. Autobiographies from the Early Industrial Era
(Berkeley, 1993), p.276.

29
. Ibid., p.285.

30
. W. Sewell,
Work and Revolution in France: the Language of Labor from the Old Regime to 1848
(Cambridge, 1980), ch.9; for the Lyon uprising of 1831, see R. Bezucha,
The Lyon Uprising of 1834: Social and Political Conflict in the Early July Monarchy
(Cambridge, Mass., 1974), ch.2.

31
.
MECW
, vol. iii, p.313.

32
. Marx and Engels,
Communist Manifesto
, p.258. See also A. Gilbert,
Marx’s Politics. Communists and Citizens
(Oxford, 1981), pp.197, 217–19.

33
. There is an enormous debate on the ‘Dictatorship of the Proletariat’. This follows the view of D. Lovell,
From Marx to Lenin. An Evalutation of Marx’s Responsibility for Soviet Authoritarianism
(Cambridge, 1984). For the view that it merely meant radical democracy, and did not involve real dictatorship over other classes, see Hunt,
Political Ideas
, pp.284–336; H. Draper,
Karl Marx’s Theory of Revolution. Vol. III: The Dictatorship of the Proletariat
(New York, 1986).

34
. For a detailed account, see G. Duveau,
1848. The Making of a Revolution
, trans. A. Carter (London, 1967). On labour motivations, see R. Bezucha, ‘The French Revolution of 1848 and the Social History of Work’,
Theory and Society
12 (1983), pp.469–84; M. Traugott, ‘The Crowd in the French Revolution of February 1848’,
American Historical Review
93 (1988), pp.638–52.

35
. For artisans and the June revolution, see R. Gould,
Insurgent Identities: Class, Communities and Protest from 1848 to the Commune
(Chicago, 1995).

36
. For Marx’s and Engels’ revolutionary Radicalism in Germany, see Gilbert,
Marx’s Politics
, ch.10.

37
. K. Marx and F. Engels,
The Revolution of 1848–1849. Articles from the Neue Rhenische Zeitung
, trans. S. Ryazanskaya, ed. B. Isaacs (New York, 1972), p.136.

38
. For this argument, see Gilbert,
Marx’s Politics
.

39
. J. Sperber,
The European Revolutions
,
1848–1851
(Cambridge, 1994), p.247.

40
. J. Rougerie, ‘Sur l’histoire de la Première Internationale’,
Mouvement Social
51 (1965), pp.23–46.

41
. J. Rougerie,
Le Procès des Communards
(Paris, 1971), pp.155–6. For the power of ‘associational’ ideas in the Paris Commune, its defence of producers and consumers’ cooperatives and direct democracy, see M. Johnson,
The Paradise of Association. Political Culture and Popular Organization in the Paris Commune of 1871
(Ann Arbor, 1996).

42
.
MECW
, vol. ii, p.189.

43
. Cited in Y. Kapp,
Eleanor Marx
(London, 1972), vol. i, p.88.

44
. Karl Marx,
Capital
(3 vols.) (New York, 1967), vol. i, pp.330, 337.

45
. Marx,
Capital
, vol. iii, p.820. See also A. Rattansi,
Marx and the Division of Labour
(London, 1982).

46
. For the notion of scientific laws in history, see K. Marx,
Preface and Introduction to a Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy
(Beijing, 1976), pp.3–4.

47
. Cited in W. Henderson,
A Life of Friedrich Engels
(London, 1976), vol. ii, p.569.

48
. F. Engels,
Dialectics of Nature
, trans. C. Dutt (London, 1940), ch.2.

49
. F. Engels,
Anti-Dühring. Herr Eugen Dühring’s Revolution in Science
(Moscow, 1959), p.82.

50
. See especially Engels’ introduction to the 1895 edition of Marx’s ‘Class Struggles in France’,
MECW
, vol. i, pp.187–204.

51
. Marx and Engels,
Communist Manifesto
, p.234. See also D. Lovell,
Marx’s Proletariat: the Making of a Myth
(London, 1988), p.177.

52
. Marx and Engels,
Communist Manifesto
, p.243. Though Marx’s view of the proletariat and the state was inconsistent, and in 1871 he argued that the proletariat had to smash the state machine as the Paris Commune had done.

53
. K. Marx,
Critique of the Gotha Programme
(Peking, 1974), pp.15–21. For this route-map, see Walicki,
Marxism
, p.96.

54
. For this charge, see D. Lovell,
From Marx to Lenin. An Evaluation of Marx’s Responsibility for Soviet Authoritarianism
(Cambridge, 1984), pp.61–4.

55
. K. Marx and F. Engels,
Gespräche mit Marx und Engels
, ed. H. Enzensberger (Frankfurt, 1973), vol. ii, pp.709–10.

56
. McLellan,
Karl Marx
, p.371.

57
. For a summary and analysis of its effect on workers, see M. Mann,
Sources of Social Power. Vol. 2: The Rise of Classes and Welfare States, 1760–1914
(Cambridge, 1993), pp.597–601.

58
. For the distinction between earlier and later protest, see D. Geary,
European Labour Protest, 1848–1939
(London, 1981), pp.35–7. There is some debate on the political radicalism of workers in this period. This analysis owes a great deal to Mann,
Sources of Power
, vol. ii, pp.597–601, 680–2. Geary emphasizes continuing radicalism, see Geary,
European Labour Protest
, pp.107–26.

59
. Cited in D. Baguley, ‘
Germinal
: The Gathering Storm’, in B. Nelson (ed.),
Cambridge Companion to Zola
(Cambridge, 2007), p.139.