The Great Influenza (76 page)

'Fear is our first enemy': Literary Digest
59 (Oct. 12, 1918), 13-14, quoted in Van Hartesveldt,
1918-1919 Pandemic of Influenza,
144.

'Don't Get Scared':
Albuquerque
Morning Journal,
Oct. 1, 1918, quoted in Bradford Luckingham,
Epidemic in the Southwest, 1918-1919
(1984), 18.

'epidemic under control': Arizona Republican,
Sept. 23, 1918.

deaths in New Orleans:
Compare
Arizona Republican,
Sept. 19, 1918, to
New Orleans Item,
Sept. 21, 1918.

utterly silent:
See
Arizona Republican
of Sept. 25, 26, 27, 28, 1918.

'most fearful are' first to succumb': Arizona Gazette,
Jan. 9, 1919.

'refrain from mentioning the influenza': Arizona Gazette,
Nov. 26, 1918.

'Simply the Old-Fashioned Grip':
See Vicks VapoRub ad run repeatedly all over the country, for example, in
Seattle Post-Intelligencer,
Jan. 7, 1919.

'come up through the grapevine':
Dan Tonkel, transcript of unaired interview for 'Influenza 1918,'
American Experience,
March 3, 1997.

'not inclined to be as panicky':
Gene Hamaker, 'Influenza 1918,'
Buffalo County, Nebraska, Historical Society
7, no. 4.

'do much toward checking the spread':
See, for example,
Washington Evening Star,
Oct. 3, 1918.

'Every person who spits':
Unidentified, undated clipping in epidemic scrapbook, College of Physicians Library.

'Remember the 3 Cs':
For example,
Rocky Mountain News,
Sept. 28, 1918, quoted in Stephen Leonard, 'The 1918 Influenza Epidemic in Denver and Colorado,'
Essays and Monographs in Colorado History,
essays no. 9, (1989), 3.

'The danger' is so grave': JAMA
71, no. 15 (Oct. 12, 1918), 1220.

'None of the cases' serious': Arizona Republican,
Sept. 23, 1918.

'My first intimations':
William Maxwell, 'Influenza 1918,'
American Experience.

'we were next':
Lee Reay, 'Influenza 1918,'
American Experience.

'Spanish hysteria':
Luckingham,
Epidemic in the Southwest,
29.

'What's true of all the evils':
Quoted in Sherwin Nuland,
How We Die
(1993), 201.

gone back to being a doctor:
interview with Pat Ward, Feb. 13, 2003.

nothing but brief obituaries:
See, for example,
JAMA
71, no. 21 (Nov. 16, 1918).

'Germans have started epidemics':
Doane made the statement in Chicago and was quoted by the
Chicago Tribune,
Sept. 19, 1918. The story appeared in many papers nationally, for example, the
Arizona Republican,
same date.

'prepared the public mind':
Parsons to Blue, Sept. 26, 1918, entry 10, file 1622, RG 90, NA.

'well back of the lines':
Ibid.

'we wonder which':
Ibid.

Police ruled it a suicide:
Associated Press, Oct. 18, 1918; see also
Mobile Daily Register,
Oct. 18, 1918.

41 percent of the entire population:
U.S. Census Bureau,
Mortality Statistics 1919,
30-31; see also W. H. Frost, 'Statistics of Influenza Morbidity,' Public Health Reports (March 1920), 584-97.

'this help never materialized':
A. M. Lichtenstein, 'The Influenza Epidemic in Cumberland, Md,'
Johns Hopkins Nurses Alumni Magazine
(1918), 224.

'everything possible would be done':
Parsons to Blue, Oct. 13, 1918, entry 10, file 1622, RG 90, NA.

'Panic incipient':
Parsons to Blue, Oct. 13, 1918, entry 10, file 1622, RG 90, NA.

'[W]hole city in a panic':
J. W. Tappan to Blue, Oct. 22 and Oct. 23, 1918, entry 10, file 1622, RG 90.

125 died:
Leonard, '1918 Influenza Epidemic,' 7.

'shot gun quarantine': Durango Evening Herald,
Dec. 13, 1918, quoted in Leonard, '1918 Influenza Epidemic,' 8.

'which may be deemed appropriate':
Memo by E. L. Munson, Oct. 16, 1918, entry 710, RG 112.

'a terrible calamity': Gunnison News-Chronicle,
Nov. 22, 1918, quoted in Leonard, '1918 Influenza Epidemic,' 8.

'right at our very doors':
Susanna Turner, transcript of unaired interview for 'Influenza 1918,'
American Experience,
Feb. 27, 1997.

'almost afraid to breathe':
Dan Tonkel, transcript of unaired interview for 'Influenza 1918,'
American Experience,
March 3, 1997.

'Farmers stopped farming':
Ibid.

'It kept people apart':
William Sardo, transcript of unaired interview for 'Influenza 1918,'
American Experience,
Feb. 27, 1997.

'Nobody was coming in':
Joe Delano, transcript of unaired interview for 'Influenza 1918,'
American Experience,
March 3, 1997.

illegal to shake hands:
Jack Fincher, 'America's Rendezvous with the Deadly Lady,'
Smithsonian Magazine
(Jan. 1989), 131.

'starving to death not from lack of food':
'An Account of the Influenza Epidemic in Perry County, Kentucky,' unsigned, Aug. 14, 1919, box 689, RG 200, NA.

arrived' Saturday and left Sunday:
Shelley Watts to Fieser, Nov. 11, 1918, box 689, RG 200, NA.

mortality reached 30 percent:
Nancy Baird, 'The 'Spanish Lady' in Kentucky,'
Filson Club Quarterly,
293.

'he'd spray the money':
Patricia J. Fanning, 'Disease and the Politics of Community: Norwood and the Great Flu Epidemic of 1918' (1995), 139-42.

'send for the priest':
From Red Cross pamphlet: 'The Mobilization of the American National Red Cross During the Influenza Pandemic 1918-1919' (1920), 24.

'shouted orders through doors':
Leonard, '1918 Influenza Epidemic,' 9.

'taught that they were safer at work':
C. E. Turner, 'Report Upon Preventive Measures Adopted in New England Shipyards of the Emergency Fleet Corp,' undated, entry 10, file 1622, RG 90, NA.

absentee records were striking:
Ibid.

'the first problem': Arizona Republican,
Nov. 8, 1918.

'H. G. Saylor, yellow slacker': Arizona Gazette,
Oct. 11, 1918.

'a city of masked faces': Arizona Republican,
Nov. 27, 1918.

'Phoenix will soon be dogless': Arizona Gazette,
Dec. 6, 1918.

'BONG! BONG! BONG!':
Mrs. Volz, transcript of unaired interview 'Influenza 1918,'
American Experience,
Feb. 26, 1997.

'Ice is also great':
Robert Frost, 'Fire and Ice,' originally published in
Harper's,
1920.

'akin to the terror of the Middle Ages':
'Mobilization of the American National Red Cross,' 24.

CHAPTER THIRTY

'two colored physicians':
Converse to Blue, Oct. 8, 1918, entry 10, file 1622, RG 90, NA.

'urgent need of four nurses':
Rush wire to Blue, Oct. 14, 1918, entry 10, file 1622. RG 90, NA.

'No colored physicians':
Blue to Converse, Oct. 10, 1918, entry 10, file 1622, RG 90.

'impossible to send nurses':
Rush wire to Blue, Oct. 14, 1918, entry 10, file 1622, RG 90, NA.

house to house searching:
Report, Oct. 22, 1918, box 688, RG 200, NA.

go to the ticket booth:
Carla Morrisey, transcript of unaired interview for 'Influenza 1918,'
American Experience,
Feb. 26, 1997.

'urgent call on physicians':
See, for example,
JAMA
71, no. 17 (Oct. 26 1918): 1412, 1413.

'Infection was prevented':
James Back, M.D.,
JAMA
71 no. 23, (Dec. 7, 1918), 1945.

'saturated with alkalis':
Thomas C. Ely, M.D., letter to editor,
JAMA
71, no. 17, (Oct. 26, 1918): 1430.

injected people with typhoid vaccine:
D. M. Cowie and P. W. Beaven, 'Nonspecific Protein Therapy in Influenzal Pneumonia,'
JAMA
(April 19, 1919), 1170.

'results were immediate and certain':
F. B. Bogardus, 'Influenza Pneumonia Treated by Blood Transfusion,'
New York Medical Journal
(May 3, 1919), 765.

forty-seven patients; twenty died:
W. W. G. MacLachlan and W. J. Fetter, 'Citrated Blood in Treatment of Pneumonia Following Influenza,'
JAMA
(Dec. 21, 1918), 2053.

hydrogen peroxide intravenously:
David Thomson and Robert Thomson,
Annals of the Pickett-Thomson Research Laboratory,
v. 10,
Influenza
(1934), 1287.

homeopaths claiming no deaths:
T. A. McCann, 'Homeopathy and Influenza,'
The Journal of the American Institute for Homeopathy
(May 1921).

'effect was apparent':
T. Anastassiades, 'Autoserotherapy in Influenza,'
Grece Medicale,
reported in
JAMA
(June 1919), 1947.

therapy in
The Lancet: Quoted in Thomson and Thomson,
Influenza,
v. 10, 1287.

'prompt bleeding':
'Paris Letter,' Oct. 3, 1918, in
JAMA
71, no. 19 (Nov. 9, 1918).

In disease as in war:
Quoted in Van Hartesveldt,
1918-1919 Pandemic of Influenza,
82.

'keep your feet dry': Arizona Gazette,
Nov. 26, 1918.

'a powerful bulwark for the prevention':
All these and others reproduced under title 'Propaganda for Reform' in
JAMA
71, no. 21 (Nov. 23, 1918), 1763.

'Use Vicks VapoRub': Seattle Post-Intelligencer,
Jan. 3, 1919.

'vaccinated' immune to the disease':
Numerous papers both in and outside New York City, see, for example, Philadelphia
Public Ledger,
Oct. 18, 1918.

thousands of dosages more:
John Kolmer, M.D., 'Paper Given at the Philadelphia County Medical Society Meeting, Oct. 23, 1918,'
Pennsylvania Medical Journal
(Dec. 1918), 181.

'some prophylactic value':
George Whipple, 'Current Comment, Vaccines in Influenza,'
JAMA
(Oct. 19, 1918), 1317.

death rate' 52 percent:
Egbert Fell, 'Postinfluenzal Psychoses,'
JAMA
(June 7, 1919), 1658.

'now has available':
E. A. Fennel, 'Prophylactic Inoculation against Pneumonia,'
JAMA
(Dec. 28, 1918), 2119.

'none is available for distribution':
Major G. R. Callender to Dr. W. B. Holden, Oct. 7, 1918, entry 29, RG 112, NA.

'still in the experimental stage':
Acting surgeon general to camp and division surgeons, Oct. 25, 1918, entry 29, RG 112, NA.

'health officers in their public relations':
Editorial,
JAMA
71, no. 17, (Oct. 26, 1918), 1408.

'may arouse unwarranted hope':
Editorial,
JAMA
71, no. 19 (Nov. 9, 1918), 1583.

eighteen different kinds:
Fincher, 'America's Rendezvous,' 134.

'large doses hypodermically':
Friedlander et al., 'The Epidemic of Influenza at Camp Sherman'
JAMA
(Nov. 16, 1918), 1652.

'No benefits were gained':
Ibid.

Sentries guarded all trails: Engineering News-Record
82 (1919), 787, quoted in Jordan,
Epidemic Influenza,
453.

could become 'extinct':
Kilpatrick to FC Monroe, Aug. 7, 1919; see also Mrs. Nichols, 'Report of Expedition,' July 21, 1919, RG 200.

'people of Alaska consider':
U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Appropriations, 'Influenza in Alaska' (1919).

176 of 300 Eskimos:
W. I. B. Beveridge,
Influenza: The Last Great Plague: An Unfinished Story of Discovery
(1977), 31.

'frozen to death before help arrived':
U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Appropriations, 'Influenza in Alaska.'

'few adults living':
Mrs. Nichols, 'Report of Expedition.'

'heaps of dead bodies':
Ibid.

'starving dogs dug their way':
Ibid.

'Whole households lay inanimate':
Eileen Pettigrew,
The Silent Enemy: Canada and the Deadly Flu of 1918
(1983), 28.

'left us to sink or swim':
Ibid., 31.

killed over one hundred dogs:
Richard Collier,
The Plague of the Spanish Lady: The Influenza Pandemic of 1918-1919
(1974), 300.

laid 114 bodies in the pit:
Pettigrew,
Silent Enemy,
30.

one-third of the population died:
Ibid., 33.

Metropolitan Life Insurance:
Jordan,
Epidemic Influenza,
251.

In Frankfurt the mortality:
Van Hartesveldt,
1918-1919 Pandemic of Influenza,
25.

'too exhausted to hate':
Fincher, 'America's Rendezvous,' 134.

'remarkable for the severity':
Pierre Lereboullet,
La grippe, clinique, prophylaxie, traitement
(1926), 33, quoted in Diane A. V. Puklin, 'Paris,' in Van Hartesveldt,
1918-1919 Pandemic of Influenza,
77.