The Great Influenza (84 page)

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The Development of Modern Medicine,
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The Unique Influence of the Johns Hopkins University on American Medicine.
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The 1918'“1919 Pandemic of Influenza: The Urban Impact in the Western World.
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The Evolution and Significance of the Modern Public Health Campaign.
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Life of Hermann M. Biggs,
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The Pathology of Influenza.
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The Toadstool Millionaires: A Social History of Patent Medicines in America before Federal Regulation.
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Rats, Lice, and History.
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UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS

Allen, Phyllis. 'Americans and the Germ Theory of Disease.' Ph.D. diss., University of Pennsylvania, 1949.

Anderson, Jeffrey. 'Influenza in Philadelphia, 1918.' MA thesis, Rutgers University, Camden, 1998.

Fanning, Patricia J. 'Disease and the Politics of Community: Norwood and the Great Flu Epidemic of 1918.' Ph.D. diss., Boston College, 1995.

'Influenza 1918.'
The American Experience,
Boston, Mass.: WGBH, 1998.

Ott, Katherine. 'The Intellectual Origins and Cultural Form of Tuberculosis in the United States, 1870'“1925.' Ph.D. diss., Temple University, 1990.

Parsons, W. David, M.D. 'The Spanish Lady and the Newfoundland Regiment.' Paper presented at Newfoundland and the Great War Conference, Nov. 11, 1998.

Pettit, Dorothy Ann. 'A Cruel Wind: America Experiences the Pandemic Influenza, 1918'“1920, A Social History.' Ph.D. diss., University of New Hampshire, 1976.

Smith, Soledad Mujica. 'Nursing as Social Responsibility: Implications for Democracy from the Life Perspective of Lavinia Lloyd Dock (1858'“1956).' Ph.D. diss., Louisiana State University, 2002.

Wolper, Gregg. 'The Origins of Public Diplomacy: Woodrow Wilson, George Creel, and the Committee on Public Information.' Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 1991.

Photographic Credits

Figures
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: The Alan Mason Chesney Medical Archives of The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions

Figures
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: American Review of the Respiratory Diseases; Reuben Ramphal, Werner Fischlschweiger, Joseph W. Shands, Jr., and Parker A. Small, Jr.; 'Murine Influenzal Tracheitis: A Model for the Study of Influenza and Tracheal Epithelial Repair' Vol. 120, 1979; official journal of the American Thoracic Society; copyright American Lung Association.

Figure
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: National Museum of Health and Medicine (#NCP-1603)

Figures
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: Courtesy of the National Library of Medicine

Figures
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: Courtesy of the American Red Cross Museum. All rights reserved in all countries.

Figure
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: Library of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia

Figures
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: Temple University Libraries, Urban Archives, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Figures
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: National Archives

Figure
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: Courtesy of the Rockefeller Archive Center

Figure
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: The Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University

Figure
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: Courtesy of The Bureau of Naval Medicine

Figure
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: Courtesy of The Naval Historical Center

Figure
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: California Historical Society, Photography Collection (FN-30852)

Figure
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: Courtesy of Professor Judith Aronson

Figure
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: Courtesy of Dr. Thomas Shope

Photographic Insert

1. William Henry Welch, the single most powerful individual in the history of American medicine and one of the most knowledgeable. A wary colleague said he could 'transform men's lives almost with the flick of a wrist.' When Welch first observed autopsies of influenza victims, he worried, 'This must be some new kind of infection or plague.'

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2. Welch and John D. Rockefeller Jr. (on the right) together created the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research (now Rockefeller University), arguably the best scientific research institution in the world. Simon Flexner (on the left), a Welch protegé, was the institute's first head; he once said that no one could run an institution unless he had the capacity to be cruel.

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3. Flexner brought the mortality rate for the most common bacterial meningitis down to 18 percent in 1910 without antibiotics. Today, with antibiotics, the mortality rate is 25 percent.

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