extensive area of barren and arid land
desert
extensive area of treeless grassland (with tall grasses)
prairie (South America: pampa)
extensive area of treeless grassland (with short grasses) and less rainfall
than a prairie
steppe
The path, a rather dubious and uncertain one, led us along the ridge of high bluffs that border the Missouri; and by looking to the right or to the left, we could enjoy a strange contrast of opposite scenery. On the left stretched the prairie, rising into swells and undulations, thickly sprinkled with groves, or gracefully expanding into wide grassy basins, of miles in extent; while its curvatures, swelling against the horizon were often surmounted by lines of sunny woods....
FRANCIS PARKMAN. JR.,
The
Oregon Trail
We entered at length a defile which I never have seen rivalled. The mountain was cracked from top to bottom, and we were creeping along the bottom of the fissure, in dampness and gloom, with the clink of hoofs on the loose shingly rocks, and the hoarse murmuring of a petulant brook which kept us company.
FRANCIS PARKMAN, JR.,
The Oregon Trail
We shook hands with our friends, rode out upon the prairie, and clambering the sandy hollows that were channelled in the sides of the hills, gained the high plains above.
FRANCIS PARKMAN, JR.,
The Oregon
Trail
Immediately in front of the recess, or cave, was a little terrace, partly formed by nature, and partly by the earth that had been carelessly thrown aside by the laborers. The mountain fell off precipitously in front of the terrace, and the approach by its sides, under the ridge of the rocks, was difficult and a little dangerous.
JAMES FENIMORE COOPER,
The Pioneers
steppe with scattered trees and shrubs (especially in Africa)
veld, veldt
extensive grazing grassland with scattered trees and shrubs
savanna, savannah, campo
extensive treeless plain in the southeastern U.S.
savana, savannah
extensive plain with few trees in the southwestern U.S.
llano
extensive northern (subarctic) evergreen forest that is moist
taiga, boreal forest
extensive northern (arctic and subarctic) treeless plain with mucky soil
tundra
tundra treeless because of elevation (rather than latitude)
alpine tundra
alpine forest having stunted trees
krummholz, elfinwood
level area of terrain
flatland, flats
extensive area of flat open terrain
plain, champaign, campagna
grass-covered tract of level land
meadow
green tract ofgrassland
sward, greensward, turf
grassland tract for grazing or hay
pasture, lea
tract of open and rolling land with poor soil
moor, heath, moorland
high moor or barren field
fell
barren land
waste, wasteland, barrens
tract of sandy ground where topsoil has been blown away by the wind
sandblow
A dark spot of a few acres in extent at the southern extremity of this beautiful flat, and immediately under the feet of our travelers, alone showed by its rippling surface and the vapors which exhaled from it that what at first might seem a plain, was one of the mountain lakes, locked in the frosts of winter.
JAMES FENIMORE COOPER,
The Pioneers
The traveler from the coast, who, after plodding northward for a score of miles over calcareous downs and corn-lands, suddenly reached the verge of one of these escarpments, is surprised and delighted to behold, extended like a map beneath him, a country differing absolutely from that which he has passed through. Behind him the hills are open, the sun blazes down upon fields so large as to give an unenclosed character to the landscape, the lanes are white, the hedges low and plashed, the atmosphere colourless. Here, in the valley, the world seems to be constructed on a smaller and more delicate scale; the fields are mere paddocks, so reduced that from this height their hedgerows appear a network of dark green threads overspreading the paler green of the grass.
THOMAS HARDY,
Tess of the D‘Urbenilles
Returning from one of these dark walks they reached a great gravel-cliff immediately over the levels, where they stood still and listened. The water was now high in the streams, squirting through the weirs, and tinkling under culverts; the smallest gullies were all full; there was no taking short cuts anywhere, and foot-passengers were compelled to follow the permanent ways.
THOMAS HARDY,
Tess of the D‘Urbervilles
extensive area of uncultivated and little-populated terrain
wilderness, the bush, backcountry, wilds (Australia: outback)
land covered by grass
grassland
grassland for grazing
pasture, pastureland, pasturage
municipal tract of public and usually park-like land
common
tract ofgrass-covered ground cultivated or mowed
lawn
long strip of terrain
swath, swathe
yard or field used as a household kitchen garden or for a few farm animals
croft (British)
low terrain
bottom, bottomland
high terrain
heights
geological fracture in the earth’s crust
fault, rift
opening or recession in terrain
hole, cavity, depression, hollow, basin, pan
open longitudinal depression
trench, ditch
small and nestled (usually wooded) valley
dell, glen, dingle
deep and narrow valley
hollow, combe, coomb, coombe
deep and steep-sided valley (often with a river)
canyon, canon
small and narrow steep-sided valley (often with a stream)
gorge, ravine, flume, gulch, clough (South Africa: kloof)
Behind and over us towered Sheba’s snowy breasts, and below, some five thousand feet beneath where we stood, lay league on league of the most lovely champaign country. Here were dense patches of lofty forest, there a great river wound its silvery way. To the left stretched a vast expanse of rich, undulating veldt or grass land, on which we could just make out countless herds of game or cattle, at that distance we could not tell which.
H. RIDER HAGGARD.
King Solomon’s Mines
The lane debouched into a close-bitten field, and out of this empty land the farm rose up with its buildings like a huddle of old, painted vessels floating in still water.
D. H. LAWRENCE,
The White Peacock
So we went along by the hurrying brook, which fell over little cascades in its haste, never looking once at the primroses that were glimmering all along its banks. We turned aside, and climbed the hill through the woods. Velvety green sprigs of dog-mercury were scattered on the red soil. We came to the top of a slope, where the wood thinned.... There was a deep little dell, sharp sloping like a cup, and a white sprinkling of flowers all the way down, with white flowers showing pale among the first inpouring of shadow at the bottom.
D. H. LAWRENCE,
The White Peacock
From the windmill the ground sloped westward, down to the barns and granaries and pig-yards. This slope was trampled hard and bare, and washed out in winding gullies by the rain. Beyond the corncribs, at the bottom of the shallow draw, was a muddy little pond, with rusty willow bushes growing about it.
WILLA CATHER,
My Antonia
divide between valleys or side of a valley
coteau
small ravine sometimes having rainwater flowing in it
gully, clough, draw, coulee nullah, wash, wadi (South
Africa: donga)
flat-bottomed gulch or gully sometimes having rainwater flowing in it
arroyo
long hollow or depression
trough
deep drop or hollow
gulf, abyss, chasm
chasm formed by receding ice
randkluft
valley
vale, dale
drainage depression or hollow
sinkhole, sink, swallow, swallowhole, dolina, doline
limestone sinkhole with a pool or deep natural well
cenote
flat-floored and steep-walled depression with no outflowing stream
polje
extensive or deep mucky or mossy basin
mudhole, muskeg
ground that slants upward or downward
slope, incline, grade
upward slope
acclivity, rise
downward slope
declivity
gentle slope
glacis
precipitous slope
steep
I followed a cattle path through the thick underbrush until I came to a slope that fell away abruptly to the water’s edge. A great chunk of the shore had been bitten out by some spring freshet, and the scar was masked by elder bushes, growing down to the water in flowery terraces.
WILLA CATHER,
My Antonia
Dark spruce forest frowned on either side of the frozen waterway. The trees had been stripped by a recent wind of their white covering of frost, and they seemed to lean toward each other, black and ominous, in the fading light. A vast silence reigned over the land. JACK LONDON,
White Fang
For a while the country was much as it had been; then, climbing all the time, we crossed the top of a Col, the road winding back and forth on itself, and then it was really Spain. There were long brown mountains and a few pines and far-off forests of beech-trees on some of the mountainsides. The road went along the summit of the Col and then dropped down.... We came down out of the mountains and through an oak forest, and there were white cattle grazing in the forest. Down below there were grassy plains and clear streams ...
ERNEST HEMINGWAY,
The Sun Also Rises
The DC-8 took off again and the sea fell away behind it; it climbed over a floor of rain forest and cleared the wall of the cordillera—range after range broken by sunless valleys over which the clouds lowered, brown peaks laced with fingers of dark green thrust up from the jungle on the lower slopes. And in less than an hour—in a slender valley refulgent and shimmering—the white city of Compostela, on twin hills, walled in by snow peaks and two spent volcanoes.
ROBERT STONE,
A Flag for Sunrise
describing a tree or forest with foliage that falls off annually
deciduous
describing a tree or forest with foliage that stays and remains green
throughout the year
evergreen
area of dense trees
wood, woods, forest
small group or grouping of trees (usually without undergrowth)
grove
cluster of shrubs or small trees
shrubbery, thicket
patch of thick or twisted growth
tangle
grove or thicket of small trees
copse, coppice, arbustum (British: spinney)
shrubs and other low vegetation in a forest
underbrush, brush, undergrowth
leafy tree-enclosed nook or recess
arbor, bower
dense thicket of shrubs or dwarf trees
chaparral
group of planted fruit or nut trees
orchard
growth or array of one type of tree (or plant) in an area
stand
tract of shrubby and uncultivated open land
heath
area of low trees and bushes
scrub