The China-Pakistan Axis: Asia's New Geopolitics (46 page)

172
. Author interviews in Beijing, Feb. 2010.

173
. Author interviews in Kabul, Feb. 2012.

174
. “Chinese Firm Re-Thinks Afghan Mining Contract After Difficulties Of The Aynak Copper Mine Project”, U.S. State Department Cable, 10 Dec. 2009,
http://www.cablegatesearch.net/cable.php?id=09BEIJING3295,last
accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

175
. Jessica Donati and Mirwais Harooni, “Chinese halt at flagship mine imperils Afghan future”, Reuters, 27 Sep. 2012,
http://uk.reuters.com/article/2012/09/27/uk-afghanistan-aynak-idUKBRE88Q0XL20120927,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

176
. Author interviews in Kabul, Aug. 2010.

177
. “MCC reports $1.16b losses in 2012”,
China Daily
, 31 Jan. 2013, http://
usa.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2013–01/31/content_16192147.htm,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

178
. Donati and Harooni, “Chinese halt”.

179
. Erica S. Downs, “China Buys into Afghanistan”,
SAIS Review
, Vol. XXXII. No. 2, Summer-Fall 2012, p. 65; “China gets approval for Afghanistan oil exploration bid”, BBC News, 27 Dec. 2011,
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-16336453,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

180
. Matthew Rosenberg, “U.S. cuts off Afghan firm”,
Wall Street Journal
, 8 Dec, 2010,
http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052748704447604576007653943186130,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

181
. “Warlord, Inc. Extortion and Corruption Along the U.S. Supply Chain in Afghanistan, Report of the Majority Staff, U.S. House of Representatives”, Jun. 2010.

182
. Aram Roston, “How the US army protects its trucks—by paying the Taliban”,
Guardian
, 13 Nov. 2009,
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/nov/13/us-trucks-security-taliban,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

183
. “Popal, Ahmad Rateb Ratib”, Afghan Bios, Record 1985 of 2857,
http://www.afghan-bios.info/index.php?option=com_afghanbios&id=60&task=view&total=2854&start=1984&Itemid=2,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

184
. Ibid.

185
. Letter from Dana Rohrabacher, Chairman of the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, to Leon E. Panetta, Secretary of Defense, 31 Oct. 2012, Washington, DC,
http://rohrabacher.house.gov/sites/rohrabacher.house.gov/files/documents/rep._rohrabacher_to_secretary_panetta_oct._31.pdf,last
accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

186
. Dexter Filkins, “Convoy guards in Afghanistan face an inquiry”,
New York Times
, 6 Jun. 2010,
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/07/world/asia/07convoys.html?pagewanted=all,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

187
. Author interviews, Kabul, Aug. 2010.

188
. Simon Clark, “Karzai’s Afghanistan, poisoned by heroin habit, seeks investors”, Bloomberg, 21 Mar. 2005,
http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=azmMmdBu2edg,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

189
. Hamid Shalizi, “China’s CNPC begins oil production in Afghanistan”, Reuters, 21 Oct. 2012,
http://uk.reuters.com/article/2012/10/21/ukafghanistan-oil-idUKBRE89K07Y20121021,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

190
. Alexandros Petersen, “Afghanistan Has What China Wants”,
Foreign Policy
, 18 Apr. 2013,
http://southasia.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/04/18/afghanistan_has_what_china_wants,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

191
. Sayed Salahuddin, “Why can’t Afghanistan tackle corruption?”, Reuters, 8 Sep. 2011,
http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/09/08/us-afghanistancorruption-analysis-idUSTRE6871KP20100908,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

192
. Hamid Shalizi, “Afghans say former warlord meddling in China oil deal”, Reuters, 11 Jun. 2012,
http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/06/11/us-afghanistan-dostum-idUSBRE85A15W20120611,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

193
. “Gen Dostum accused of ‘undermining national interest’”, TOLO News, 10 Jun. 2012,
http://www.tolonews.com/en/afghanistan/6525-gen-dos-tum-accused-of-undermining-national-interest,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

194
. “China is a trust-worthy friend: Gen Dostum”,
Daily Outlook Afghanistan
, 14 Jun. 2012,
http://outlookafghanistan.net/national_detail.php?post_id=4590,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

195
. Jessica Donati, “Missing refinery deal halts landmark China-Afghan oil project”, Reuters, 18 Aug. 2013,
http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/08/18/afghanistan-china-idUSL4N0GJ05G20130818,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

196
. Jessica Donati, “From New York heroin dealer to Afghanistan’s biggest oil man”,
Reuters
, 7 Jul. 2014,
http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/07/07/afghanistan-energy-idUSL4N0OS1R620140707,
last accessed 7 Jul. 2014.

197
. “1.5 billion barrels of oil, and no takers”, Wall Street Cheat Sheet, 29 Sep. 2013,
http://wallstcheatsheet.com/stocks/1–5-billion-barrels-of-oil-and-no-takers.html/,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014; Jessica Donati, “Small firms seek to move in on Afghanistan’s vast mineral wealth”, Reuters, 22 Sep. 2013,
http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/22/us-afghanistan-mines-idUSBRE98L08G20130922,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

198
. Maeva Bambuk, “Chinese investor suspends contract with Afghan gov’t”, CCTV, 23 Sep. 2013,
http://english.cntv.cn/program/asiatoday/20130923/105249.shtml,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

199
. Jessica Donati, “Indian firms seek to renegotiate $10.8 billion Afghan iron ore deal: Kabul official”, Reuters, 29 Oct. 2013,
http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/29/us-afghanistan-mines-idUSBRE99S08J20131029,last
accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

200
. Javed Noorani, Integrity Watch Afghanistan, quoted in Jessica Donati, “Landmark Chinese copper deal with Afghanistan at risk”, Reuters, 27 Aug. 2013,
http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/08/27/afghanistanmines-idUSL6N0GS1ZB20130827,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

201
. Author interviews in Washington, Brussels and Beijing, 2008–2012.

202
. Jonathon Burch and Myra Macdonald, “China takes higher-profile role in Afghan diplomacy-diplomats”, Reuters, 3 Nov. 2011,
http://in.reuters.com/article/2011/11/02/idINIndia-60281020111102,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

203
. Author interviews in Washington, Jan. 2012.

204
. Quoted on the condition of anonymity in Jonathon Burch and Myra Macdonald, “China takes higher-profile role in Afghan diplomacy-diplomats”, Reuters, 3 Nov. 2011,
http://in.reuters.com/article/2011/11/02/idINIndia-60281020111102,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

205
. Ibid.

206
. “China, Afghanistan, Pakistan agree to enhance cooperation”, Xinhua, 12 Oct. 2013,
http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2013–12/10/c_132957176.htm,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014; Ananth Krishnan, “China, Russia, Pak. Discuss Afghanistan situation”,
The Hindu
, 4 Apr. 2013,
http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/china-russia-pak-discussafghanistan-situation/article4577718.ece,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

207
. Ananth Krishnan, “India, China, Russia hold talks on Afghan issue”,
The Hindu
, 17 Jan. 2014,
http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/india-china-russia-hold-talks-on-afghan-issue/article5583356.ece,last
accessed 27 Jan. 2014; Harsh V. Pant, “China reaches to India on Afghanistan”, Observer Research Foundation, 8 Jan. 2014,
http://orfon-line.org/cms/sites/orfonline/modules/analysis/AnalysisDetail.html?cmaid=61496&mmacmaid=61497,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

208
. Author interviews in Beijing and Washington, DC, 2012–13.

209
. “Top Chinese official makers landmark Afghan visit”, Agence France Presse, 23 Sep. 2012,
http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iHVQRfyXMpcjXEGKPgiwiYkq1tVA?docId=CNG.3af9f6348c0359a862a5d1618b77fb24.2e1,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014; Andrew Small, “China’s Afghan Moment”,
Foreign Policy
, 3 Oct. 2012,
http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/10/03/chinas_afghan_moment,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

210
. Author interviews in Beijing, Feb. 2014.

211
. Author interviews in Beijing, Oct. 2012.

7. LORD, MAKE THEM LEAVE—BUT NOT YET

    
1
. Deng Xiaoping quoted in David P. Nickles, Adam Howard and Office of the Historian, U.S. State Department,
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977–1980, Volume XIII, China
, Washington, DC: Bureau of Public Affairs, 2013, p. 1060,
http://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1977–80v13/pdf/frus1977–80v13.pdf,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
2
. Aubrey Carlson, “SRAP Holbrooke’s April 15 dinner with Chinese foreign minister Yang Jiechi”, U.S. State Department Cable, 20 Apr. 2009,
https://www.wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/09BEIJING1046_a.html,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
3
. Stockholm China Forum, Shanghai, Feb. 2014.

    
4
. Karachi Islam report quoted in Bill Roggio, “Al Qaeda Appoints New Leader of Forces in Pakistan’s Tribal Areas”,
Long War Journal
, 9 May 2011,
http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2011/05/al_qaeda_appoints_ne_2.php,last
accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
5
. Bill Roggio, “Turkistan Islamic Party Leader Thought Killed in US Drone Strike”,
Long War Journal
, 25 Aug. 2012,
http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2012/08/turkistan_islamic_pa_1.php,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
6
. Edward Wong, “Warning of attacks on Olympics is said to be linked to Muslim separatist group”,
New York Times
, 9 Aug. 2008,
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/10/sports/olympics/10uighurs.html,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014; “A Post-Mortem Analysis of Turkistani Amir Emeti Yakuf: A Death that Sparked More Questions than Answers”, Jamestown Foundation
Militant Leadership Monitor
, Vol. 3, Issue 10, 31 Oct. 2012,
http://mlm.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=40043&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=551&cHash=e13aadc198482b3c8c34129c423af1f6#.Uu78fnddXgU,
last accessed 2 Feb. 2014.

    
7
. Edward Wong, “Chinese separatists tied to Norway bomb plot”,
New York Times
, 9 Jul. 2010,
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/10/world/asia/10uighur.html,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
8
. “China identifies 8 alleged “East Turkistan” terrorists”,
Xinhua
, 21 Oct. 2008

    
9
. Bill Roggio, “Chinese Terrorist Leader Abdul Haq al Turkistani is Dead: Pakistani Interior Minister”,
Long War Journal
, 7 May 2010,
http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2010/05/chinese_terrorist_le.php,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
10
. Ibid.

    
11
. Bill Roggio, “6 Uzbeks Killed in North Waziristan Drone Strike”,
Long War Journal
, 29 Jul. 2012,
http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2012/07/six_uzbeks_killed_in.php,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
12
. Bill Roggio, “Zawahiri Eulogizes Abu Yahya al Libi”,
Long War Journal
, 11 Sep. 2012,
http://www.longwarjournal.org/threat-matrix/archives/2012/09/zawahiri_eulogizes_abu_yahya_a.php,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
13
. Bill Roggio, “U.S. Airstrike Killed 15 Turkistan Islamic Party Fighters in Afghanistan”,
Long War Journal
, 23 Jan. 2010,
http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2010/01/us_airstrike_killed_1.php,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
14
. “Pakistan kills Uighur independence fighter”, Al Jazeera, 23 Dec. 2003,
http://www.aljazeera.com/archive/2003/12/200849145930813927.html,last
accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
15
. Bill Roggio, “US Drones Kill 4 Turkistan Islamic Party Fighters in Pakistan Strike”,
Long War Journal
, 31 Aug. 2013,
http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2013/08/us_drones_kill_4_tur.php,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
16
. Ibid.

    
17
. Takir Khan, “North Waziristan: Gul Bahadur’s aide killed in clash with rivals”,
Express Tribune
, 22 Aug. 2011,
http://tribune.com.pk/story/236757/north-waziristan-gul-bahadurs-aide-killed-in-clash-with-rivals/,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
18
. Charlie Szrom, “The Survivalist of North Waziristan: Hafiz Gul Bahadur Biography and Analysis”,
Critical Threats
, 6 Aug. 2009,
http://www.criticalthreats.org/pakistan/survivalist-north-waziristan-hafiz-gul-bahadur-biography-and-analysis,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
19
. Pakistani official quoted on condition of anonymity in Faran Bokhari, “Death of a militant a victory for China?”, CBS News, 1 Mar. 2010, http://
www.cbsnews.com/news/death-of-militant-a-victory-for-china/,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
20
. Zhao Huasheng, “China and Afghanistan: China’s Interests, Stances and Perspectives”, Washington, DC: Centre for Strategic and International Studies, Mar. 2012, p. 4,
http://csis.org/files/publication/120322_Zhao_ChinaAfghan_web.pdf,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
21
. Author interviews in Washington, DC, Feb. 2013.

    
22
. Nickles, Howard and Office of the Historian, U.S. State Department,
Foreign Relations
, p. 446.