The China-Pakistan Axis: Asia's New Geopolitics (41 page)

157
. “Urumqi party chief, Xinjiang police chief sacked”, Xinhua, 5 Sep. 2009,
http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009–09/05/content_12001223.htm,last
accessed 2 Feb. 2014.

158
. Gordon Fairclough, “Xinjiang official removed in China”,
Wall Street Journal
, 25 Apr. 2010,
http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052748704627704575203353627235946,
last accessed 2 Feb. 2014.

159
. “Hu skips G8 over China unrest”, Al Jazeera, 8 Jul. 2009,
http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia-pacific/2009/07/200978581162184.html,
last accessed 22 Nov. 2013.

160
. “Turkey attacks China ‘genocide’”, BBC News, 10 Jul. 2009,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8145451.stm,
last accessed 22 Nov. 2013

161
. Author interviews in Beijing, Aug. 2009.

162
. Saad Abedine, “Al Qaeda tells China’s Uyghurs to prepare for holy war”, CNN, 8 Oct. 2008,
http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/10/08/china.uyghur.threat/,
last accessed 22 Nov. 2013.

163
. Malcolm Moore, “China Pleads for understanding as al-Qaeda vows revenge over Uighur deaths”,
Telegraph
, 14 Jul. 2009,
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/5826040/China-pleads-for-understanding-as-al-Qaeda-vows-revenge-over-Uighur-deaths.html,
last accessed 2 Feb. 2014.

164
. Mohammad Afridi, spokesman of a TTP faction, quoted in “Tehreek-e-
Taliban Pakistan claims responsibility for killing Chinese tourist”, Reuters, 2 Mar. 2012,
http://tribune.com.pk/story/344297/tehreek-e-taliban-pakistan-claims-responsibility-for-killing-chinese-tourist/,
last accessed 22 Nov. 2013.

165
. “Wang Gang meets Pakistani JUI delegation”, International Department Central Committee of CPC, 6 Apr. 2010,
http://www.idcpc.org.cn/english/reports/2010/100406–2.htm,
last accessed 2 Feb. 2014.

166
. Rashid,
Taliban
, p. 90.

167
. Rashid, Ahmed,
Descent into Chaos: The U.S. and the Disaster in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Central Asia
, London: Penguin, 2009, p. 276.

168
. “Pak Oppn leader’s home comes under rocket attack”,
DNA India
, 21 Apr. 2007,
http://www.dnaindia.com/world/report-pak-oppn-leader-s-home-comes-under-rocket-attack-1092300,
last accessed 22 Nov. 2013.

169
. Arif Jamal, “Pakistani Taliban Widen the Civil War—Against Fellow Deobandis”, 14 Apr. 2011,
Terrorism Monitor
, Vol. 9, Issue 15, http://
www.refworld.org/docid/4dad7e982.html,
last accessed 22 Nov. 2013.

170
. Manzoor Ali and Qaiser Butt, “Charsadda strike: Second attack targets Maulana Fazlur Rehman”,
Express Tribune
, 1 Apr. 2011,
http://tribune.com.pk/story/140320/blast-in-charsadda-kills-8-injures-25/,
last accessed 22 Nov. 2013.

171
. Senior Pakistani security official speaking on condition of anonymity, quoted in Mazhar Tufail, “ANP, JUI leaders now prime Taliban targets”,
The News
, 26 May, 2011,
http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-2–49191-ANP-JUI-leaders-now-prime-Taliban-targets,
last accessed 22 Nov. 2013.

172
. Jane Perlez, “Onetime Taliban handler dies in their hands”,
New York Times
, 24 Jan. 2011,
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/25/world/asia/25pakistan.html,
last accessed 22 Dec. 2013; Karin Brulliard, “In Pakistan, ex-spy Khalid Khawaja’s killing is surrounded by mystery”,
Washington Post
, 3 May 2010,
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/02/AR2010050202801.html,
last accessed 2 Feb. 2014.

173
. “Pak-China rapidly boosting economic, cultural cooperation”,
The News Tribe
, 29 May 2013,
http://www.thenewstribe.com/2013/03/29/pakchina-rapidly-boosting-economic-cultural-cooperation/,
last accessed 27 Nov. 2013.

174
. Alessandro Rippa, “From Uyghurs to Kashgari”.

175
. Author interviews in Islamabad, and Lahore, Jun. 2009, Peshawar, June 2013.

176
. Ismail Khan, “The game is up for Uzbeks”,
Dawn
, 5 Apr. 2007,
http://www.dawn.com/news/240842/the-game-is-up-for-uzbeks,
last accessed 15 Jan. 2014.

177
. Holly Fletcher and Jayshree Bajoria, “The East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM)”, Council on Foreign Relations, 31 Jul. 2008,
http://www.cfr.org/china/east-turkestan-islamic-movement-etim/p9179,
last accessed 15 Jan. 2014.

178
. Author interviews in Beijing, Nov. 2012.

179
. Author interviews in Islamabad and Lahore, Jun. 2009.

180
. Author interview in Beijing, 2009.

181
. Author interviews in Washington, DC, Feb. 2012.

182
. Author interviews in Beijing, Aug. 2009.

183
. Author interviews, 2012, location withheld.

184
. Author interview in Beijing, February 2014.

185.
Warikoo, K., “The Xinjiang Issue” in Marlene Laruelle and Sebastian Peyrouse (eds),
Mapping Central Asia: Indian Perceptions and Strategies
, Farnham: Ashgate, 2011, p. 226.

5. THE TRADE ACROSS THE ROOF OF THE WORLD

    
1
. Khalid, Muhammad Mumtaz,
History of the Karakoram Highway, Vol. II
, Rawalpindi: Hamza, 2009, p. 5.

    
2
. Nisar Baluch quoted in Robert D. Kaplan,
Monsoon: The Indian Ocean and the Future of American Power
, New York: Random House, 2011, p. 124.

    
3
. Musharraf, Pervez,
In The Line Of Fire: A Memoir
, New York: Free Press, 2006, p. 189.

    
4
. Li Zhisui,
The Private Life of Chairman Mao: The Memoirs of Mao’s Personal Physician
, London: Random House, 1996, p. 503.

    
5
. Leese, Daniel,
Mao Cult: Rhetoric and Ritual in China’s Cultural Revolution
, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011, p. 220.

    
6
. “Keke mangguo enqing shen—Xinxin xiangzhi hongtaiying. Mao zhuxi zengsong zhengui liwu de teda xixun zhuankai yihou” (Every mango is full of deep kindness—every heart longs for the red sun: the time after the incredibly happy news had spread),
People’s Daily
, 8 Aug. 1968.

    
7
. Adam Yuet Chau, “Mao’s Travelling Mangoes: Food as Relic in Revolutionary China”,
Past and Present
, 2010, Supplement 5, p. 263.

    
8
. Ibid.

    
9
. Ibid.

    
10
. Farooq Baloch, “New Destination: Pakistani mangoes to be sold in Walmart China”,
Express Tribune
, 19 Aug. 2012,
http://tribune.com.pk/story/423993/new-destination-pakistani-mangoes-to-be-sold-in-walmart-china/,
last accessed: 26 Jan. 2014.

    
11
. Ibid.

    
12
. Ibid.

    
13
. Sahid Shah, “Pakistani mangoes lose markets to China, India”,
The News
, 26 Jul. 2012,
http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-3–122724-Pakistani-mangoes-lose-markets-to-China-India,
last accessed 26 Jul. 2012.

    
14
. “Pakistan fails to achieve mango export target”,
The News
, 13 Oct. 2012,
http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-3–137176-Pakistan-fails-to-achieve-mango-export-target,
last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

    
15
. Human Yusuf, “Mango mania”, Latitude Blog,
New York Times
, 31 Jul. 2012,
http://latitude.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/07/31/the-mango-pakistans-king-of-fruits-may-not-meet-expectations/,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
16
. Cited in, among others, Ahmad Faruqui, “A Blueprint for Pakistan’s Economic Revival”,
IPRIPAK
, Winter 2002,
http://ipripak.org/journal/winter2002/ablueprintforpak.shtml,
last accessed 27 Jan 2014.

    
17
. Trade data from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) direction of trade statistic (DOTS), Chinese National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), and World Trade Organization (WTO) statistics database.

    
18
. Ibid.

    
19
. Ibid.

    
20
. Data from the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP).

    
21
. Shahid Yusuf, “Can Chinese FDI Accelerate Pakistan’s Growth?”, International Growth Centre, 4 Feb. 2013, p. 2,
http://www.theigc.org/publications/working-paper/can-chinese-fdi-accelerate-pakistan%E2%80%99s-growth,
last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

    
22
. Fazlur Rehman, “Pakistan-China Trade and Investment Relations”, Institute of Strategic Studies Islamabad, 2011, p. 3,
http://www.issi.org.pk/publication-files/1299822989_45060000.pdf,
last accessed 23 Dec. 2013.

    
23
. Khan, Riaz Mohammad,
Afghanistan and Pakistan: Conflict, Extremism, and Resistance to Modernity
, Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2010, p. 11.

    
24
. Christopher Tang, “Beyond India: the Utility of Sino-Pakistani Relations in Chinese Foreign Policy, 1962–1965”, CWIHP Working Paper #64
http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/CWIHP_WP_64_Beyond%20India_The_Utility_of_Sino_Pakistani_Relations_in_Chinese_Foreign_Policy.pdf
p6–7

    
25
. Jane Perlez, “Rebuffed by China, Pakistan may seek I.M.F. aid”,
New York Times
, 18 Oct. 2008,
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/19/world/asia/19zardari.html?ref=asia,
last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

    
26
. Charles Wolf Jr., Xiao Wang and Eric Warner (eds),
China’s Foreign Aid and Government-Sponsored Investment Activities: Scale, Content, Destinations and Implications
, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2013,
http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR100/RR118/RAND_RR118.pdf,last
accessed 11 Dec. 2013.

    
27
. Ye Hailin, “China-Pakistan Relationship: All-Weathers, But Maybe Not
All-Dimensional”, in Kristina Zetterlund (ed.),
Pakistan—Consequences of Deteriorating Security in Afghanistan
, Stockholm: Swedish Defence Research Agency, 2009, p. 117.

    
28
. Ibid. p. 109.

    
29
. Vertzberger, Yaacov Y.I.,
China’s Southwestern Strategy: Encirclement and Counterencirclement
, New York: Praeger, 1985, pp. 94–5.

    
30
. Author’s interviews, Islamabad, Jun. 2011 and Jun. 2013.

    
31
. Fazlur Rehman paraphrased in “Pakistan-China Economic Relations with Special Focus on Thar Coal, Kashgar Special Economic Zone and Gwadar Sea Port”, Islamabad Policy Research Institute conference report, 13 Mar. 2013, p. 6,
http://ipripak.org/conf/pcer.pdf,
last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

    
32
. Xu Lin, “Top 10 fastest-growing provincial economies in China 2012”, 22 Feb. 2013,
http://www.china.org.cn/top10/2013–02/22/content_28027035.htm,
last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

    
33
. “China-Pakistan FTA”, China FTA Network,
http://fta.mofcom.gov.cn/topic/enpakistan.shtml,
last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

    
34
. Wolf, Wang and Warner (eds),
China’s Foreign Aid
.

    
35
. Author’s interviews, Islamabad, Jun. 2013.

    
36
. Jim O’Neill, Dominic Wilson, Roopa Purushothaman and Anna Stupnytska, “How Solid are the BRICs?”, Global Economics Paper No. 134, Goldman Sachs, 1 Dec. 2005,
http://www.sdnbd.org/sdi/issues/economy/BRICs_3_12–1–05.pdf,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
37
. World Development Indicators, World Bank,
http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG/countries/PK?display=graph,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
38
. Pakistani growth rates went into free fall from 2006, reaching lows of under 2% in 2008 and then again in 2010. Figures recovered somewhat in 2012, hitting around 4%. Source: World Development Indicators, World Bank,
http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG/countries/PK?display=graph,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
39
. Author interviews in Beijing, Nov. 2008.

    
40
. Ispahani, Mahnaz,
Roads and Rivals: The Political Uses of Access in the Borderlands of Asia
, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1989, p. 191.

    
41
. “Memo signed to Initiate China-Pakistan Highway renovation”, Xinhua, available on the Chinese government’s official web portal, 8 Jul. 2006,
http://www.gov.cn/misc/2006–07/08/content_330955.htm,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
42
. “Raja to launch $282m KKH re-alignment project”,
Pak Observer
, 28 Sep. 2012,
http://pakobserver.net/201209/28/detailnews.asp?id=175713,
last accessed 2 Feb. 2014.

    
43
. “Gojal: Karakoram Highway reconstruction to be completed in 2014”,
Pamir Times
, 16 Feb. 2013,
http://pamirtimes.net/2013/02/17/gojal-karakoram-highway-repair-and-expansion-to-be-completed-in-2014/,
last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

    
44
. Author interviews in Islamabad, Jun. 2013.

    
45
. Author interviews in Islamabad, Jun. 2011.

    
46
. Imtiaz Ahmad, “Gwadar awaits Chinese takeover”,
Hindustan Times
, 27 Feb. 2013,
http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/gwadar-awaits-chinese-takeover/article1–1018585.aspx,
last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.