The China-Pakistan Axis: Asia's New Geopolitics (38 page)

    
61
. Lavoy, Peter (ed.), Asymmetric Warfare, p. 85.

    
62
. Sardar F.S. Lod, “Indian Air Force In Kargil Operations”,
Defence Notes
,
Jan. 2000,
http://www.Defencejournal.Com/2000/Jan/Indian-Airforce.Htm,
last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

    
63
. Ganguly, Sumit,
Nuclear Proliferation in South Asia: Crisis Behaviour and the Bomb
, New York: Routledge, 2009, p. 124; Arthur Max, “Indian air-strikes in Kashmir to continue”, Associated Press, 30 May 1999, http://
news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1988&dat=19990530&id=nkYiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=pKwFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2444,2575222,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
64
. Hasahn-Askari Rizvi, “The Lessons of Kargil as Learned by Pakistan”, in Peter Lavoy (ed.),
Asymmetric Warfare
, p. 344.

    
65
. Ritu Sarin, “India gave Kargil tapes to Sharif a week before release”,
Indian Express
, 25 Oct. 1999.

    
66
. Sukumar Muralidharan, “High Stakes, Hardening Positions”,
Frontline
, Vol. 16, Issue 13, 19 Jun.—2 Jul. 1999,
http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1613/16131250.htm,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
67
. Dixit, J.N.,
India-Pakistan in War and Peace
, New York: Routledge, 2002, p. 66.

    
68
. “South Asia Tiger Hill—how important is it?”, BBC News, 4 Jul. 1999,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/385826.stm,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
69
. Judith Miller and James Risen, “United States is worried about an increased threat of nuclear conflict over Kashmir”,
New York Times
, 8 Aug. 2000,
http://www.nytimes.com/2000/08/08/world/united-states-worried-about-increased-threat-nuclear-conflict-over-kashmir.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
70
. Abdul Naeem, “Kargil: Lessons Learned on Both Sides”, in Ashley Tellis, C. Christine Fair and Jamison Jo Melby (eds),
Limited Conflicts
, p. 30.

    
71
. Abbas Rashid, “Raising the ante in Kashmir”,
The News
, 2 Jul. 1999.

    
72
. Ibid.

    
73
. Aziz, Sartaz,
Between Dreams And Realities: Some Milestones in Pakistan’s History
, Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2010, p. 268.

    
74
. Bruce Riedel, “American Diplomacy and the 1999 Kargil Summit at Blair House”, in Peter Lavoy (ed.),
Asymmetric Warfare
, p. 134.

    
75
. Hasahn-Askari Rizvi, “The Lessons of Kargil as Learned by Pakistan”, in Peter Lavoy (ed.),
Asymmetric Warfare
, p. 344.

    
76
. Ibid. p. 137.

    
77
. Author interviews with European and US officials in Beijing and Washington, DC, Sep. 2010, and former Chinese officials in Beijing, Nov. 2012.

    
78
. Zhang Qiyue, Chinese foreign ministry spokesperson, quoted in “Respect LoC, says China”,
The Tribune
, 7 Jul. 1999,
http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jul07/world.htm#5,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
79
. Bostrom, Nick and Milan M. Cirkovic,
Global Catastrophic Risks
, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008, p. 392.

    
80
. Steven Coll, “The stand-off”,
New Yorker
, 13 Feb. 2006,
http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/02/13/060213fa_fact_coll,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
81
. Ibid.

    
82
. Nayak, Polly and Michael Krepon,
U.S. Crisis Management in South Asia’s Twin Peaks Crisis
, Stimson Center Report, 2002, p. 21 and 26,
http://www.stimson.org/images/uploads/research-pdfs/USCrisisManagement.pdf,
last accessed 23 Jan. 2014.

    
83
. U.S. official quoted in Polly Nayak and Michael Krepon,
U.S. Crisis Management in South Asia’s Twin Peaks Crisis
, Stimson Center Report, 2002, p. 21 and 26,
http://www.stimson.org/images/uploads/research-pdfs/USCrisisManagement.pdf,
last accessed 23 Jan. 2014.

    
84
. “Chinese special envoy calls on the Foreign Minister”, Foreign Ministry of Pakistan, Press Release, 29 Dec. 2008.

    
85
. Narayan Lakshman, “China blocked U.N. sanctions against terror group at Pakistan’s behest”,
The Hindu
, 7 Dec. 2010,
http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article936090.ece,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
86
. Author interviews in Beijing, Sep. and Nov. 2010.

    
87
. Cited in Levy, Adrian,
The Siege: Three Days of Terror Inside the Taj
, Viking, loc. 2694 [IPAD 3rd Generation; MD366LL/A version].

    
88
. Bill Roggio, “UN declares Jamaat-ud-Dawa a terrorist front group”,
Long War Journal
, 11 Dec. 2008,
http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2008/12/un_declares_jamaatud.php,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
89
. Jonathan S. Landay, “UN adds Pakistani militants to terrorist watch list”,
Christian Science Monitor
, 12 Dec. 2008,
http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-South-Central/2008/1212/p25s03-wosc.html,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
90
. See for instance, Mohan Malik, “The China Factor in the India-Pakistan Conflict”, Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 2003,
http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Articles/03spring/malik.pdf,
last accessed 26 Jan. 2013.

    
91
. Author interviews in Beijing, Feb. 2014.

    
92
. Sean Lucas, “China Enters the Nuclear Suppliers Group: Positive Steps in the Global Campaign against Nuclear Weapons Proliferation”,
Nuclear Threat Initiative
, 1 Nov. 2004,
http://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/china-enters-nuclear-suppliers-group/,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
93
. G. Balachandran, “India and NSG: Approaches to Indian Membership”, Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, 23 May 2013,
http://www.idsa.in/issuebrief/IndiaandNSG_gbalachandran_230513,
last accessed 27 Dec. 2013.

    
94
. Mark Hibbs, “The Future of the Nuclear Suppliers Group”, Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2011, p. 23, http://
carnegieendowment.org/files/future_nsg.pdf,
last accessed 27 Dec. 2013.

    
95
. Mark Hibbs, “Pakistan Deal Signals China’s Growing Nuclear Assertiveness”, Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 27 Apr. 2010,
http://carnegieendowment.org/2010/04/27/pakistan-deal-signals-china-s-growing-nuclear-assertiveness/4su?reloadFlag=1,last
accessed 27 Dec. 2013.

    
96
. Elisabeth Bumiller and Carlotta Gall, “Bush says Pakistan cannot expect nuclear deal like one with India”,
New York Times
, 4 May 2006,
http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/04/international/asia/04cnd-pakistan.html?hp&ex=1141534800&en=fd6e253a355720de&ei=5094&partner=homepage,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
97
. “Musharraf says to seek more nuclear power plants with Chinese help”, AAJ News, 10 Apr. 2008,
http://www.aaj.tv/2008/04/musharraf-says-to-seek-more-nuclear-power-plants-with-chinese-help/,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
98
. K.J.M. Varma, “U.S. Lashes Pakistan-China Atomic Deal”,
NTI
, 21 Mar. 2011
http://www.nti.org/gsn/article/us-lashes-pakistan-china-atomic-deal/,
last accessed 25 Jan. 2014.

    
99
. Chris Buckley, “China confirms two nuclear reactors for Pakistan”, Reuters, 21 Sep. 2010,
http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/09/21/china-pakistan-nuclear-idAFTOE68K05X20100921,
last accessed 27 Dec. 2013.

100
. Author interviews in Beijing, Jan. 2010.

101
. Chris Buckley, “China firms join controversial Pakistan nuclear push”, Reuters, 24 Jun. 2010,
http://in.reuters.com/article/2010/06/24/china-pakistan-nuclear-idINTOE65N02E20100624,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

102
. “Maßnahmen zur Stärkung der Non-Proliferation und nuklearen Exportkontrolle (Measures to Strengthen Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Export Control)”, German Federal Government Journal of Record, June, 2011.

103
. Author interviews in Beijing, Washington, DC and Brussels, Jun. 2012–Dec. 2012.

104
. Author interviews in Washington, DC, Oct. and Nov. 2010; Raja Mohan, “Don’t Blame it on China”,
Indian Express
, 17 Oct. 2013,
http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/dont-blame-it-on-china/1183657/0,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

105
. “China defends deal to build 1000 MW nuclear plant for Pakistan”,
Economic Times
, 25 Mar. 2013,
http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013–10–16/news/43107332_1_china-and-pakistan-chashma-chinese-foreign-ministry,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

106
. Author interviews in Washington, DC, Oct. and Nov. 2010.

107
. Author interviews in Beijing, Sep. 2010 and Washington, DC, Nov. 2010.
108
. Author interviews in Islamabad and Beijing, Jun. 2011.

109
. Author interviews in New Delhi, Mar. 2010; Lora Saalman, “Divergence Similarity and Symmetry in Sino-Indian Threat Perceptions”,
Journal of International Affairs
, Spring/Summer 2011, Vol. 64, No. 2, p. 173, http://
carnegieendowment.org/files/Divergence_Similarity_and_Symmetry_in_Sino-Indian_Threat_Perceptions.pdf,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

110
. Nickles, David P. and Adam Howard (eds),
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977–1980, Volume XIII, China
, Office of the Historian, U.S. State Department, Bureau of Public Affairs, 2013, p. 1100.

111
. Sana Hashim, “India’s Concern Over China-Pakistan Nuclear Nexus”, New Delhi: Centre for Air Power Studies, Oct. 2013,
http://capsindia.org/files/documents/CAPS_Infocus_SH2.pdf,
last accessed 27 Dec. 2013; “Pakistan promised missile armed Chinese UAVs”, 5 Dec. 2012, available at,
http://pakistanchinarelations.wordpress.com/2012/12/05/pakistan-promised-missile-armed-chinese-uavs/,
last accessed 24 Jan. 2014.

112.
Selig S. Harrison, “China’s discreet hold on Pakistan’s northern borderlands”,
International Herald Tribune
, 26 Aug. 2010,
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/27/opinion/27iht-edharrison.html,
last access 27 Jan. 2014.

    
4. THE CHINESE WAR ON TERROR

    
1
. Author interview with Pakistani expert in Islamabad, Jun. 2011.

    
2
. Pope, Hugh,
Sons of the Conquerors: The Rise of the Turkic World
, London: Duckworth Publishers/Overlook Press, 2006, p. 166.

    
3
. “China to further strengthen ties with Pakistan”,
The Nation
, 6 Apr. 2010,
http://www.nation.com.pk/politics/06-Apr-2010/China-to—further-strengthen-ties-with-Pakistan,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
4
. Thomas Johnson and Chris Mason, “Understanding the Taliban and Insurgency in Afghanistan”, Calhoun Institutions Archive of the Naval Postgraduate School, Winter 2007, Elsevier Limited, p. 73,
http://hdl.handle.net/10945/30471,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
5
. Rashid, Ahmed,
Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia
, New Haven: Yale University Press, p. 201.

    
6
. Josy Joseph, “Harkat-ul-Mujahideen helped Osama bin Laden during Pak stay”,
Times of India
, 25 Jun. 2011,
http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011–06–25/india/29702395_1_hum-global-jihad-kashmiri-militant-group,last
accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
7
. “Maulana Fazlur Rehman arrives in Beijing”,
Awaz
, 5 Apr. 2010
http://www.awaztoday.com/News_Maulana-Fazlur-Rehman-arrives-in-Beijing_1_4933_Political-News.aspx,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
8
. Syed Saleem Shahzad, “Taliban’s call for jihad answered in Pakistan”,
Asia Times
, 16 Jun. 2006,
http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/HF16Df01.html,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
9
. “Jamaat-e-Islami, Chinese Communist Party ink MoU”,
The News
, 17 Feb. 2009,
http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=163116&Cat=6&dt=2/16/2009,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
10
. Zulfiqar Ali, “Pakistan’s Jamaat-i-Islami to preach Islam in China”,
Dawn
, 4 Apr. 2009,
http://www.dawn.com/news/937790/pakistan-s-jamaat-i-islami-to-preach-islam-in-china,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
11
. Ibid.

    
12
. Yitzhak Shichor, “Great Wall of Steel: Military and Strategy in Xinjiang”, in S. Frederick Starr (ed.),
Xinjiang: China’s Muslim Borderland
, London: M.E. Sharpe, 2004, p. 145.

    
13
. “Two Uighurs handed 10 years for UAE bomb plot”, Reuters, 1 Jul. 2010,
http://www.arabnews.com/node/349165,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
14
. Raffaello Pantucci, “Uyghurs Convicted in East Turkestan Islamic Movement”,
Terrorism Monitor
, Vol. 8, Issue 29, 22 Jul. 2010,
http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=36656#.UucOojo1hMs,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.