The China-Pakistan Axis: Asia's New Geopolitics (34 page)

    
37
. Al Haq, Nur, “Lal Masjid Crisis”,
Islamabad Policy Research Institute Fact File
, 2007, p. 90,
http://ipripak.org/factfiles/ff90.pdf,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
38
. High estimates are given by, for instance, Schmidle, Nicholas S.,
To Live or to Perish Forever: Two Tumultuous Years in Pakistan
, USA: Henry Holt and Company, 2009, p. 151; and other press reporting from the time, such as: “300 confirmed dead in Lal Masjid Operation”,
Pak Tribune
, 12 Jul. 2007,
http://paktribune.com/news/300-confirmed-dead-in-Lal-Masjid-Operation-183843.html,
last accessed 23 Dec. 2013; “103 people killed in Lal Masjid operation”,
Pakistan Today
, 20 Apr. 2013,
http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2013/04/103-people-killed-in-lal-masjid-operation-report/,last
accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
39
. Singh, R.S.N.,
The Military Factor in Pakistan
, India: Lancer Publishers, 2008, p. 426.

    
40
. “Three Chinese killed in Pakistan”,
China Daily
, 9 Jul. 2007,
http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007–07/09/content_5421741.htm,
last accessed 25 Jan. 2014;
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6282574.stm

    
41
. Luo Zhaohui quoted in “Mosque is Pakistan’s ‘internal matter’”,
China Daily
, 18 Jul. 2007,
http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2007–07/18/con-tent_5438233.htm,
last accessed 24 Jan. 2014.

    
42
. “Hectic efforts under way for release of Chinese Nationals”,
PakTribune
, 4 Sep. 2008,
http://www.paktribune.com/news/print.php?id=205296,
last accessed 24 Jan. 2014.

    
43
. Author interview in Peshawar, Jun.2013.

    
44
. Akbar Nasir Khan, “Analyzing Suicide Attacks in Pakistan”,
Conflict and Peace Studies
, Vol. 3, No. 4, Oct.-Dec. 2010,
https://www.academia.edu/386901/Analysing_Suicide_Attacks_in_Pakistan,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
45
. Hussain, Zahid,
The Scorpion’s Tail: The Relentless Rise of Islamic Militants in Pakistan—And How it Threatens America
, Free Press, 2010, p. 120.

    
46
. Ibid. p. 118.

    
47
. “Editorial: 60 Miles from Islamabad”,
New York Times
, 26 April 2009,
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/27/opinion/27mon1.html,
last accessed 22 Jan. 2014.

    
48
. Author interview in Washington DC, Apr. 2010.

INTRODUCTION

    
1
. Douglas Paal, ‘China and the East Asian Security Environment: Complementarity and Competition’, in Vogel, Ezra,
Living with China: U.S./China Relations in the Twenty First Century
, Norton, 1997, p. 113; Mohan Malik,
‘The China Factor in the India-Pakistan Conflict’,
Parameters
, Spring 2003, p. 62.

    
2
. Ashley Tellis, “New Delhi, Washington: Who Gets What?”,
Times of India
, 30 Jan. 2010,
http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010–01–30/india/28119085_1_global-community-robert-d-blackwill-kashmir/2,
last accessed 23 Jan. 2014.

    
3
. Amir Mir, “China seeks military bases in Pakistan”,
Asia Times
, 26 October, 2011 and Saurabh Shukla, “China plans military base in Northern Pakistan, says report”.
India Today
, 24 Jan, 2012.

    
4
. Amir Karim Tantray, “Pakistan govt leases land in Gilgit to China”,
Hindustan Times
, 24 March, 2012.

    
5
. Selig S. Harrison, “China’s Discreet Hold on Pakistan’s Northern Borderlands”,
International Herald Tribune
, 26 Aug, 2010.

    
6.
Albright, David,
Peddling Peril: How the Secret Nuclear Trade Arms America’s Enemies
, New York: Free Press, 2010, p. 48.

1. A FRIENDSHIP FORGED BY WAR

    
1
. Gauhar, Altaf,
Ayub Khan: Pakistan’s First Military Ruler
, Lahore: Oxford University Press, 1993, p. 345.

    
2
. Rakesh Krishan Simha, “1971 War: How Russia Sank Nixon’s Gunboat Diplomacy”,
Russia and India Report
, 20 Dec. 2011,
http://indrus.in/articles/2011/12/20/1971_war_how_russia_sank_nixons_gunboat_diplomacy_14041.html,
last accessed 22 Jan. 2014.

    
3
. Akhund, Iqbal,
Memoirs of a Bystander: A Life in Diplomacy
, Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 197.

    
4
. Bass, Gary J.,
The Blood Telegram: Nixon, Kissinger, and a Forgotten Genocide
, New York: Knopf, 2013, p. 290.

    
5
. Telegram reprinted in Hamoodur Rahman Commission, Supplementary Report, 23 Oct. 1974, p. 108,
http://www.pppusa.org/Acrobat/Hamoodur%20Rahman%20Commission%20Report.pdf,
last accessed 22 Jan. 2014.

    
6
. Akhund, Iqbal,
Memoirs of a Bystander: A Life in Diplomacy
, Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 197.

    
7
. Bass,
The Blood Telegram
, p. 174.

    
8
. National Security Council note on the Anderson Papers, requested by Henry Kissinger, 6 Jan. 1972,
http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/BEBB45.pdf,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
9
. Kissinger, Henry,
The White House Years
, London: Phoenix Press, 1979, p. 907.

    
10
. Ibid.

    
11
.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XI, South Asia Crisis, 1971, Document 179
, U.S. State Department Archive, Washington, DC, 4 Nov. 1971,
http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969–76v11/d179,
last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

    
12
. Bass,
The Blood Telegram
, p. 239.

    
13
. “Conversation Between President Nixon and his Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger)”, U.S. State Department Archive, Washington, DC, 6 Dec. 1971,
Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume E-7, Documents on South Asia, 1969–1972
,
http://2001–2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/e7/48535.htm,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
14
. “Conversation Among President Nixon, the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), and Attorney General Mitchell”, U.S. State Department Archive, Washington DC, 6 Dec. 1971,
Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume E-7
,
Documents on South Asia, 1969–1972
,
http://2001–2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/e7/48537.htm,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
15
. Kux, Dennis,
The United States and Pakistan 1947–2000: Disenchanted Allies
, Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Centre Press, 2001, p. 202.

    
16
. Kissinger,
The White House Years
, 1979, p. 910.

    
17
. Bass,
The Blood Telegram
, p. 254.

    
18
. Kissinger,
The White House Years
, p. 910.

    
19
. Ibid.

    
20
. Bass,
The Blood Telegram
, p. 308.

    
21
. Akhund,
Memoir of a Bystander
, p. 200.

    
22
. Ibid. p. 202.

    
23
. Syed, Anwar Hussain,
China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale
, London: Oxford University Press, 1974, p. 152.

    
24
. Khan, Sultan M.,
Memories & Reflections of a Pakistani Diplomat
, Oxford: The Alden Press, 1998, p. 344.

    
25
. Ibid. p. 308.

    
26
. Ibid. p. 347.

    
27
. Pande, Aparna,
Explaining Pakistan’s Foreign Policy: Escaping India
, New York: Routledge, 2011, p. 124.

    
28
. Syed,
China & Pakistan
, p. 151.

    
29
. Sisson, Richard and Leo E. Rose,
War and Secession: Pakistan, India, and the Creation of Bangladesh
, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990, p. 252.

    
30
. Bass,
The Blood Telegram
, p. 239.

    
31
. Sisson and Rose,
War and Secession
, p. 251.

    
32
. Ibid. p. 252.

    
33
. Ibid. p. 199.

    
34
. Bass,
The Blood Telegram
, p. 305.

    
35
. Prasad, S.N.,
Official History of the 1971 India Pakistan War
, History Division, Ministry of Defence, Government of India, New Delhi, 1992, p. 117, p. 278; Bass,
The Blood Telegram
p. 94.

    
36
. CIA assessments cited in Bass,
The Blood Telegram
, p. 259 and p. 292; U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency, “Sino-Indian Border Troops Dispositions” [sic], 15 Jun. 1971, cited in Bass,
The Blood Telegram
, p. 314.

    
37
. Khan,
Memories & Reflections
, p. 373.

    
38
. Ibid. p. 378.

    
39
. Ibid. p. 379.

    
40
. Sisson and Rose,
War and Secession
, p. 233.

    
41
. Prasad,
Official History
, p. 670.

    
42
. Macfarquhar, Roderick and Michael Schoenhals,
Mao’s Last Revolution
, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009, p. 353.

    
43
. Khan,
Memories & Reflections
, p. 345.

    
44
. Vertzberger, Yaacov Y.I.,
China’s Southwestern Strategy: Encirclement and Counterencirclement
, New York: Praeger, 1985, p. 54.

    
45
. Syed,
China & Pakistan
, p. 152.

    
46
. Sisson and Rose,
War and Secession
, p. 216.

    
47
. Khan,
Memories & Reflections
, p. 307.

    
48
. Ibid. p. 306.

    
49
. Khan, Riaz Mohammad, “Pakistan-China Relations: An Overview”,
Pakistan Horizon
, Vol. 64, No. 4, Oct. 2011, p. 12.

    
50
. Syed,
China & Pakistan
, p. 149.

    
51
. Khan,
Memories & Reflections
, p. 307.

    
52
. Nawaz, Shuja,
Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within
, Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2008, p. 305.

    
53
. Bass,
The Blood Telegram
, p. 310.

    
54
. Sisson and Rose,
War and Secession
, p. 251.

    
55
. Wuthnow, Joel,
Chinese Diplomacy and the UN Security Council: Beyond the Veto
, Oxford and New York: Routledge, 2013, p. 17.

    
56
. Editorial,
Dawn
, 4 Feb. 1972.

    
57
. Syed,
China & Pakistan
, p. 109.

    
58
. Khan,
Memories & Reflections
, pp. 162–3.

    
59
. Nawaz,
Crossed Swords
, p. 194.

    
60
. Wolpert, Stanley,
Zulfi Bhutto of Pakistan: His Life and Times
, New York: Oxford University Press, 1993, p. 89.

    
61
. Khan, Gohar Ayub,
Glimpses Into the Corridors of Power
, Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 320.

    
62
. Garver, John W.,
Protracted Contest: Sino-Indian Rivalry in the Twentieth Century
, Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2001, p. 201.

    
63
. Dixit, J.N.,
India-Pakistan in War and Peace
, New York: Routledge, 2002, p. 147.

    
64
. Syed,
China & Pakistan
, pp. 110–12.

    
65
. Gupta, Bhabani Sen,
The Fulcrum of Asia: Relations Among China, India, Pakistan and the U.S.S.R
, New York: Pegasus, 1970, p. 213.

    
66
. Ibid.

    
67
. Cheng, Xiaohe, “China’s Aid toward Pakistan in the India-Pakistan War II”,
Diplomacy Commentary
, No. 3, 2012, p. 77.

    
68
. Ibid. p. 81.

    
69
. Khan,
Glimpses
, p. 99.

    
70
. Gauhar,
Ayub Khan
, pp. 352–3.

    
71
. Author interview, Islamabad, May 2013.

    
72
. Author interview, Beijing, February 2014; interviewee drew on the Chinese Foreign Ministry Archive.

    
73
. Vertzberger,
China’s Southwestern Strategy
, p. 43.