The China-Pakistan Axis: Asia's New Geopolitics (47 page)

    
23
. Kux, Dennis,
The United States and Pakistan 1947–2000: Disenchanted Allies
, Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Centre Press, 2001, p. 308–10.

    
24
. Suettinger, Robert L.,
Beyond Tiananmen: The Politics of U.S.-China Relations 1989–2000
, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2003, p. 67.

    
25
. Tyler, Patrick,
A Great Wall: Six Presidents and China: An Investigative History
, New York: A Century Foundation Book, 1999, p. 399; Kux,
The United States and Pakistan
, pp. 308–33.

    
26
. Douglas Paal, “China and the East Asian Security Environment: Complementarity and Competition”, in Vogel, Ezra,
Living with China: U.S./China
Relations in the Twenty First Century
, New York: W.W. Norton, 1997, p. 113; Mohan Malik, “The China Factor in the India-Pakistan Conflict”,
Parameters
, Spring 2003, p. 62.

    
27
. Suettinger,
Beyond Tiananmen
, pp. 139–41.

    
28
. Author interviews in Washington, DC, Nov. 2008.

    
29
. Polly Nayak and Michael Krepon, “US Crisis Management in South Asia’s Twin Peaks Crisis”, Stimson Center, pp. 27–8,
http://www.stimson.org/images/uploads/research-pdfs/USCrisisManagementFull.pdf,
last accessed 23 Jan. 2014.

    
30
. Jane Perlez, “Rebuffed by China, Pakistan may seek I.M.F. aid”,
New York Times
, 18 Oct. 2008,
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/19/world/asia/19zardari.html,
last accessed 23 Jan. 2014.

    
31
. Swaine, Michael D.,
America’s Challenge: Engaging a Rising China in the Twenty-First Century
, Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2011, p. 133.

    
32
. Author interview in Washington, DC, Dec. 2011.

    
33
. Jonathan S. Landay, “Insurgencies spread in Afghanistan and Pakistan”, McClatchy Newspapers, 3 Feb. 2008,
http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2008/02/03/26133/insurgencies-spread-in-afghanistan.html,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014; Sanger, David E.,
The Inheritance: The World Obama Confronts and the Challenges to American Power
, London: Bantam Press, 2009, pp. 232–42.

    
34
. “Pakistan facing financial crisis”, Al Jazeera, 30 Sep. 2008,
http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2008/09/200892885733125929.html,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014; “Pakistan under martial law”, CNN, 4 Nov. 2007,
http://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/11/03/pakistan.emergency/,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014; James Traub, “The lawyers’ crusade”,
New York Times
, 1 Jun. 2008,
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/01/magazine/01PAKISTAN-t.html?pagewanted=print&_r=0,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
35
. Mark Mazzetti and Eric Schmitt, “Afghan strikes by Taliban get Pakistan help, U.S. aides say”,
New York Times
, 26 Mar. 2009,
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/26/world/asia/26tribal.html?gwh=1851E9AE244BBF6B4F942C533DF96188&gwt=pay,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
36
. Foon Rhee, “Obama: Afghanistan, not Iraq, should be focus”,
Boston Globe
, 15 Jul. 2008,
http://www.boston.com/news/politics/politicalintelligence/2008/07/obama_afghanist.html,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
37
. Elizabeth Williamson and Peter Spiegel, “Obama says Afghan war ‘of necessity’”,
Wall Street Journal
, 17 Aug. 2009,
http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB125054391631638123,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
38
. Author interviews in Beijing, Nov. 2008.

    
39
. Barnett Rubin and Ahmed Rashid, “From Great Game to Grand Bargain”,
Foreign Affairs
, November/December 2008,
http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/64604/barnett-r-rubin-and-ahmed-rashid/from-great-game-to-grand-bargain,
last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

    
40
. Dune Lawrence, “U.S., China military talks deepen on Pakistan, Sedney says”, Bloomberg, 28 Feb. 2009,
http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a4B6GAO4lgUE,
last accessed 26 Jan. 2014; author interviews, Washington, DC, Dec. 2008, February 2009.

    
41
. Author interviews in Beijing, Jun. 2009.

    
42
. Author interviews in Washington, DC, Mar.-Dec. 2009.

    
43
. Author interviews in Beijing, Jun. 2009.

    
44
. Ibid.

    
45
. Craig Whitlock, “China rebuffed U.S. request to open route for Afghanistan war supplies, cables ahow”,
Washington Post
, 2 Jul. 2011,
http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/national-security/china-rebuffed-us-request-toopen-route-for-afghanistan-war-supplies-cables-show/2011/06/30/AG8cdYvH_story.html,
last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

    
46
. Ivan Watson, “Taliban claims victory near Islamabad”, CNN, 22 Apr. 2009,
http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/04/22/pakistan.taliban/,
last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

    
47
. Zahid Hussain, “Taliban move closer to Islamabad”,
Wall Street Journal
, 23 Apr. 2009,
http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB124041153700943789,
last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

    
48
. Author interviews in Beijing, Jun. 2009.

    
49
. Author interviews in Washington, DC, Feb. 2010.

    
50
. David E. Sanger, “Pakistan strife raises U.S. doubt on nuclear arms”,
New York Times
, 3 May. 2009,
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/04/world/asia/04nuke.html,
last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

    
51
. Author interviews in Beijing, Dec. 2011.

    
52
. For discussion on contingencies in China’s neighbourhood, see Paul Stares, “Managing Instability on China’s Periphery”, Council on Foreign Relations, 16 Sep. 2011, p. 41,
http://www.cfr.org/thinktank/cpa/asia_security.html,last
accessed 27 Jan. 2014; Daniel Markey, “Pakistan Contingencies”, Council on Foreign Relations, May 2011, pp. 41–59.

    
53
. Interviews in Beijing and Washington, 2008–10.

    
54
. Bruce W. Bennett, “Preparing for the Possibility of a North Korean Collapse”, Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, 2013,
http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR300/RR331/RAND_RR331.pdf,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
55
. Drew Thompson, “Border Burdens: China’s Response to the Myanmar Refugee Crisis”, Centre for the National Interest, 2009,
http://cftni.org/Thompson-Border-Burdens-China-Security-2009.pdf,
last accessed 2 Feb. 2014.

    
56
. Stephen Chen, “Ministerial edict warns of nuclear emergencies”,
South China Morning Post
, 21 Oct. 2009,
http://www.scmp.com/article/696025/ministerial-edict-warns-nuclear-emergencies,
last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

    
57
. Author interviews in Beijing, Mar. 2009 and Sep. 2009.

    
58
. Narayan Lakshman, “China blocked U.N. sanctions against terror group at Pakistan’s behest”,
The Hindu
, 7 Dec. 2010,
http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article936090.ece,
last accessed 2 Feb. 2014.

    
59
. Ahmed Rashid, “Beware Pakistan’s small nuclear weapons”,
Financial Times
, 22 Oct. 2013,
http://blogs.ft.com/the-a-list/2013/10/22/beware-pakistans-small-nuclear-weapons/#axzz2reL95KAj,
last accessed 26 Jan. 2014; Sanger,
The Inheritance
, p. 179.

    
60
. Author interviews in Beijing, Mar. 2010.

    
61
. Myra MacDonald, “Attack in Rawalpindi: are Pakistan’s militant groups uniting?”, Reuters, 10 Oct. 2009,
http://blogs.reuters.com/pakistan/2009/10/10/attack-in-rawalpindi-are-pakistans-militant-groups-uniting/,
last accessed 23 Jan. 2014.

    
62
. “Pakistan: Troops end attack on Karachi naval air base”, BBC, 23 May 2011,
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13495127,
last accessed 2 Feb. 2014.

    
63
. Asad Kharal and Salman Siddiqui, “PNS Mehran investigation: former navy commander arrested in Lahore”,
Express Tribune
, 31 May 2011, http://
tribune.com.pk/story/178747/pns-mehran-investigation-former-navy-commander-arrested-in-lahore/,
last accessed 23 Jan. 2014.

    
64
. “Taliban claim attack on Minhas base; nine militants killed”,
Dawn
, 16 Aug. 2012,
http://www.dawn.com/news/742608/militants-attack-pakistani-air-base-at-kamra,
last accessed 23 Jan. 2014.

    
65
. Declan Walsh, “Militants attack Pakistani Air Force base”,
New York Times
, 16 Aug. 2012,
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/17/world/asia/pakistani-air-force-base-with-nuclear-ties-is-attacked.html,
last accessed 24 Jan. 2014.

    
66
. Author interview in Beijing, Mar. 2009.

    
67
. Jeffrey Goldberg and Marc Ambinder, “The ally from hell”,
The Atlantic
, 28 Oct. 2011,
http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2011/12/the-ally-from-hell/308730/,
last accessed 24 Jan. 2014.

    
68
. Author interviews in Washington, DC, Nov. 2012.

    
69
. Author interviews in Beijing, Feb. 2014.

    
70
. “China, Pakistan joint military exercise concludes”,
People’s Daily
, 19 Dec. 2006,
http://english.people.com.cn/200612/19/eng20061219_333837.html,
last accessed 24 Jan. 2014.

    
71
. Mathieu Duchâtel, “The Old Friend and the Three Evils: China’s Policy
towards Pakistan”, paper prepared for 23rd Conference of the Association of Chinese Political Studies, Endicott College, Boston, 30 Jul.—1 Aug. 2010, p. 11.

    
72
. “Pak-China joint exercise Friendship 2006 continues”,
Pak Tribune
, 14 Dec. 2006,
http://www.paktribune.com/news/print.php?id=163082,
last accessed 24 Jan. 2014.

    
73
. Declan Walsh, “In hiding, Bin Laden had four children and five houses”,
New York Times
, 29 Mar. 2012,
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/30/world/asia/on-run-bin-laden-had-4-children-and-5-houses-a-wife-says.html?pagewanted=all,
last accessed 2 Feb. 2014.

    
74
. Mark Mazzetti, “How a single spy helped turn Pakistan against United States”,
New York Times
, 14 Apr. 2013,
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/14/magazine/raymond-davis-pakistan.html?pagewanted=all&gwh=64CB3FDF640B3A8A39C770D7521FFBCF&gwt=pay,
last accessed 2 Feb. 2014.

    
75
. Alex Spillius, “CIA suicide bomber ‘worked with bin Laden allies’”,
Telegraph
, 7 Jan. 2010,
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/6944280/CIA-suicide-bomber-worked-with-bin-Laden-allies.html,
last accessed 2 Feb. 2014.

    
76
. Jane Perlez, “Pakistan’s chief of army fights to keep his job”,
New York Times
, 15 Jun. 2011,
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/16/world/asia/16pakistan.html?pagewanted=all,
last accessed 24 Jan. 2014.

    
77
. Jane Perlez, “China gives Pakistan 50 fighter jets”,
New York Times
, 19 May 2011,
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/20/world/asia/20pakistan.html,last
accessed 24 Jan. 2014.

    
78
. Farhan Bokhari, “Pakistan turns to China for naval base”,
Financial Times
, 30 June 2011,
http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/3914bd36–8467–11e0-afcb-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2rbXPHMKc,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
79
. “Pakistani PM hails China as his country’s best friend”, BBC News, 17 May 2011,
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13418957,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
80
. James Lamont and Farhan Bokhari, “China and Pakistan: an alliance is built”,
Financial Times
, 30 Jun. 2011,
http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/417a48c4-a34d-11e0–8d6d-00144feabdc0.html,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014; Sebastien Blanc, “China-Pakistan alliance strengthened post bin Laden”, AFP, 15 May 2011,
http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gg3VbghEVKFnXDP7NJbT7L2O9QMg?docId=CNG.dd035276a74a1dfc4910aded0e7a6b3b.b71,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
81
. Author interviews in Islamabad and Beijing, Jun. 2011.

    
82
. Author interviews in Beijing, May 2011.

    
83
. Markey, Daniel,
No Exit from Pakistan: America’s Tortured Relationship with
Islamabad
, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013, loc. 5465 of 7903 [IPAD 3rd Generation; MD366LL/A version].

    
84
. Zia Khan, “Eastern Alliance: Pakistan lobbying for defence pact with China”,
Express Tribune
, 27 Sep. 2011,
http://tribune.com.pk/story/261311/eastern-alliance-pakistan-lobbying-for-defence-pact-with-china/,last
accessed 24 Jan. 2014.

    
85
. Author interviews in Beijing, Feb. 2014.