Slavery by Another Name (87 page)

NA.

48. J. Edgar Hoover to O. R. Luhring, May 13, 1926, 50-2-2-1, Peonage Files, RG60,

NA.

49. O. R. Luhring to Rebecca Jones, Aug. 6, 1926; Jones to Calvin Coolidge, July

26, 1926; a davit of Rebecca Jones, July 26, 1926; Assistant Attorney General

Nugent Dodds to Hon. Oscar DePriest, July 25, 1932; 50-1-2-2, Peonage Files,

RG60, NA.

50. N. Gordon Carper, “Martin Tabert, Martyr of an Era,” Florida Historical

Quarterly 52 (October 1973): 115–31.

51. Jacksonville Florida Times-Union, May 24 and 25, 1923.

52. Report of the State Prison Inspector of Alabama, for the Period of Two Years

Ending Sept. 30, 1928 (Montgomery: Birmingham Printing, 1928), in author's

collection.

53. Mancini, p. 115.

54. County Camp Inspection Records, Department of Corrections, ADAH.

55. New York World, March 22, 23, 24, 27, 1926.

56. Mancini, pp. 115–16.

57. Associated Press, July 2, 1928.

58. 1930 Census, Alabama Census of Kilby Prison; 1900 Census, Tallapoosa

County.

59. Draft Registration Card of Henry Tinsley, June 5, 1917, World War I Selective

Service System Draft Registration Cards, 1917–1918 (Washington, D.C.: NA

M1509), online data accessed at www.ancestry.com.

60. State Convict Record, Vol. 14, Sept. 1929–Jan. 1931, p. 217, ADAH; Tinsley

died in 1971, at the “Negro” veterans’ hospital at Tuskegee Institute.

CHAPTER XVI : FREEDOM

1. 1930 Census, Georgia.

2. John Spivak, Georgia Nigger (New York: Brewer, Warren and Putnam, 1932), pp.

61–65.

3. Ibid., pp. 104–5.

4. Ibid., pp. 97–99.

5. Ibid., p. 240.

6. Ibid., unnumbered pages.

7. Report of the State Prison Inspector of Alabama, for the Period of Two Years

Ending September 30, 1928 (Birmingham: Birmingham Printing, 1928), in author's

collection.

8. Walter Wilson, Forced Labor in the United States (New York: International

Publishers, 1933), pp. 92–94.

9. O. B. Willis to Department of Justice, Nov. 20, 1933; Joseph B. Keenan to O. B.

Willis, Dec. 8, 1933, 50-1-0, Peonage Files, RG60, NA.

10. Ibid.

11. Francis Biddle, In Brief Authority (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1962), p. 155.

12. Francis Biddle to All United States Attorneys, Dec. 12, 1941, “Circular No.

3591, Re: Involuntary Servitude, Slavery, and Peonage,” File 50-821, RG60, NA.

13. Francis Biddle, A Casual Past: The Reminiscences of a Former Attorney General

of the United States (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1961), pp. 339, 374, 376–77.

14. Biddle, “Civil Rights and the Federal Law,” Speech at Cornell University (Oct. 4,

1944) (on le with the Duke Law Journal), cited in Risa L. Golubo , “The

Thirteenth Amendment and the Lost Origins of Civil Rights,” Duke Law Journal 50,

no. 6 (2001): 1609.

15. Biddle, Brief Authority, pp. 154–60.

16. Biddle to All U.S. Attorneys.

17. J. Edgar Hoover to Wendell Berge, July 18, 1942, Re: Charles Edward Bledsoe;

W. F. Lanier—Involuntary Servitude and Slavery, File 50-843, Peonage Files, RG60,

NA.

18. Wendell Berge to J. Edgar Hoover, Director Federal Bureau of Investigation,

Aug. 8, 1942, File 50-843, Peonage Files, RG60, NA.

19. Berge to Francis H. Inge, Aug. 8, 1942, File 50-843, Peonage Files, RG60, NA.

20. Galveston Daily News, Oct. 2, 1942, p. 14.

21. Frank Coleman to U.S. Board of Parole, March 15, 1945; Douglas McGregor to

Attorney General, June 28, 1943; “Judgment, United State Circuit Court of Appeals

for the Fifth Circuit, Extract from the Minutes of June 19th, 1943,” File 50-74-6,

RG 60, NA.

22. Corpus Christi Times, March 23, 1943, quoted in Goluboff, p. 38.

1. Interview by the author of Molly Cottenham, Feb. 2002.

2. Interview by the author of Harold Cottingham, Feb. 2002.

3. Interview by the author of J. Christopher Flowers, Oct. 9, 2007.

4. Census, 1900, 1910, 1930; U.S. Social Security Administration Death Index.

5. http://www.sloss.com/coke/history.asp.

6. Interview by the author of Rodney Mills Cook Jr., and English Robinson, Oct. 2,

2007.

7. Speech by Gary N. Drummond, Oct. 2000, posted at www.drummondco.com.

8. Corporate records, Secretary of State's O ce, State of Alabama, Montgomery,

Ala.

9. Douglas A. Blackmon, “Hard Time: From Alabama's Past, Capitalism and Racism

in a Cruel Partnership,” Wall Street Journal, July 16, 2001, p. 1.

10. Ibid.

11. Hearing before U.S. District Court Judge James Elicon, Feb. 13, 2004, Tulsa.

12. Interview by the author of Martha Minow, June 2001.

13. Blackmon, “Silent Partner: How the South's Fight to Uphold Segregation Was

Funded Up North,” Wall Street Journal, June 11, 1999, p. 1.

14. Interview by the author of Tom Ferrall, 2001.

15. “Wachovia Announces National Partnerships in Support of African Americans,”

July 28, 2005, www.wachovia.com.

16. Interview by the author of Ken Thompson, chairman and chief executive

officer, Wachovia Bank, Sept. 14, 2007.

17. Interview by the author of Eugene Reese, Sept. 19, 2007.

18. Interview by the author of Earl Brown, John Burt, April 23, 2002, Birmingham,

Ala.

19. Taylor Branch, At Canaan's Edge: America in the King Years, 1965–68 (New

York: Simon & Schuster, 2006), pp. 303–5.

20. Martin Luther King Jr., notes in margins of Charles Silberman, Crisis in Black

and White, 1964, p. 6, Papers of Dr. Martin Luther King, AHC.

21. Blackmon, “Hard Time.”

22. Interviews by the author of Pearline Danzey, Ida Hogan, Cynthia James, Melissa

Danzey Craddock, and James Danzey, Sept. 28, 2000.

23. Ibid.

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

BOOKS

Adams, Charles Edward. Blockton: The History of an Alabama Coal Mining Town. Brier eld, Ala:

Cahaba Trace Commission, 2001.

Al en, Ivan. Atlanta from the Ashes. Atlanta: Ruralist Press, 1928.

Armes, Ethel. The Story of Coal and Iron in Alabama. Birmingham: Chamber of Commerce, 1910.

Reprint, Cambridge, Mass.: University Press.

Atchison, Ray M., and G. Benton Towry. Richard Hopkins Prat and the Six Mile Academy.

Birmingham: Banner, 1965.

Bauerlein, Mark. Negrophobia: A Race Riot in Atlanta, 1906. San Francisco: Encounter, 2001.

Bayor, Ronald H. Race and the Shaping of Twentieth-Century Atlanta. Chapel Hil : University of North

Carolina Press, 1996.

Bennet , James R. Old Tannehil : A History of the Pioneer Ironworks in Roupes Val ey (1829-1865).

Published by the Je erson County Historical Commission in cooperation with the Birmingham-

Je erson Historical Society and the Tannehil Furnace and Foundry Commission, Birmingham, Ala.,

1986.

—–Tannehil and the Growth of the Alabama Iron Industry, Including the Civil War in West Alabama.

Published by the Alabama Historic Ironworks Commission in cooperation with the Appalachian

Regional Commission, the West Alabama Planning and Development Council, the Je erson County

Historical Commission, and the Birmingham-Je erson Historical Society. Printed in McCal a, Ala.,

1999.

Berney, Saf old. Hand Book of Alabama: A Complete Index to the State, with Map. Birmingham: Roberts

and Son, 1892.

Bibliography of Birmingham, Alabama, 1872-1972. Birmingham: Oxmoor, 1973.

Biddle, Francis. A Casual Past: The Reminiscences of a Former At orney General of the United States.

Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1961.

—–In Brief Authority. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1962.

—–The World's Best Hope: A Discussion of the Role of the United States in the Modern World. Chicago:

University of Chicago Press, 1949.

Blight, David W. Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard

University Press, 2001.

Bond, Horace Mann. Negro Education in Alabama: A Study in Cot on and Steel. Tuscaloosa: University

of Alabama Press, 1994.

Botkin, B. A. Lay My Burden Down: A Folk History of Slavery. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,

1945.

Bradford, Phil ips Verner, and Harvey Blume. Ota: The Pygmy in the Zoo. New York: St. Martin's Press,

1992.

Branch, Taylor. At Canaan's Edge: America in the King Years, 1965-68. New York: Simon & Schuster,

2006.

Brands, H. W. The Reckless Decade: America in the 1890s. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.

Buck, Paul H. The Road to Reunion, 1865-1900. Boston: Lit le, Brown, 1937.

Burns, Robert E. I Am a Fugitive from a Georgia Chain Gang! Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1997.

Cable, George W. Bonaventure: A Tale of Louisiana. New York: International Association of Newspapers

and Authors, 1901.

—–The Silent South: Together with The Freedman's Case in Equity and the Convict Lease System. New

York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1885.

Carr, Robert K. Federal Protection of Civil Rights: Quest for a Sword. Ithaca: Cornel University Press,

1947.

Chace, James. 1912: Wilson, Roosevelt, Taft & Debs—the Election That Changed the Country. New

York: Simon & Schuster, 2004.

Chernow, Ron. The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance.

New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1990.

Childers, James Saxon. Erskine Ramsey: His Life and Achievements. New York: Cartwright & Ewing,

1942.

Cobb, James C. The Most Southern Place on Earth: The Mississippi Delta and the Roots of Regional

Identity. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.

Cohen, Wil iam. At Freedom's Edge: Black Mobility and the Southern White Quest for Racial Control,

1861–1915. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1991.

Coulter, E. Merton. James Monroe Smith: Georgia Planter: Before Death and After. Athens: University of

Georgia Press, 1961.

Curtin, Mary El en. Black Prisoners and Their World, Alabama, 1865–1900. Charlot esvil e: University

Press of Virginia, 2000.

D’Angelo, Raymond. The American Civil Rights Movement: Readings and Interpretations. Guilford,

Conn.: McGraw-Hil /Dushkin, 2001.

Daniel, Pete. The Shadow of Slavery: Peonage in the South, 1901–1969. Urbana: University of Il inois

Press, 1972.

Diouf, Sylviane A. Dreams of Africa in Alabama: The Slave Ship Clotilda and the Story of the Last

Africans Brought to America. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.

Dixon, Thomas, Jr. The Clansman. New York: Doubleday, Page, 1905.

——-. The Leopard's Spots: A Romance of the White Man's Burden. New York: Doubleday, Page, 1902.

——-. The Southerner: A Romance of the Real Lincoln. New York: D. Appleton, 1913.

Dray, Philip. At the Hands of Persons Unknown: The Lynching of Black America. New York: Random

House, 2002.

DuBois, W. E. B. The Autobiography of W. E. B. Du Bois: A Soliloquy on Viewing My Life from the Last

Decade of Its First Century. New York: International Publishers, 1968.

——-. Darkwater: Voices from Within the Veil. Mineola, N.Y.: Dover, 1999.

——-. The Quest of the Silver Fleece. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co., 1911.

——-. The Souls of Black Folk. 1903. Repr. New York: Dover, 1994.

El ison, Rhoda Coleman. Bibb County, Alabama: The First Hundred Years, 1818–1918. Tuscaloosa:

University of Alabama Press, 1984.

Evans, Mat hew S. The Soil Runs Red. Chicago: Van Kampen, 1948.

Fierce, Milfred C. Slavery Revisited: Blacks and the Southern Convict Lease System, 1865–1933. New

York: African Studies Research Center, Brooklyn Col ege, City University of New York, 1994.

Flynt, Wayne. Poor but Proud: Alabama's Poor Whites. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1989.

Foner, Eric. Reconstruction: America's Un nished Revolution, 1863–1877. New York: Harper & Row,

1988.

Franklin, John Hope. Reconstruction: After the Civil War. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961.

Franklin, John Hope, and Alfred A. Moss Jr. From Slavery to Freedom: A History of African Americans.

Seventh edition. New York: McGraw-Hil , 1994.

Fredrickson, George M. The Inner Civil War: Northern Intel ectuals and the Crisis of the Union. New

York: Harper Torchbooks, 1965.

Freeman, Gregory A. Lay This Body Down: The 1921 Murders of Eleven Plantation Slaves. Chicago:

Chicago Review Press, 1999.

Freese, Barbara. Coal: A Human History. Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus, 2003.

Friedman, Lawrence J. The White Savage: Racial Fantasies in the Postbel um South. Englewood Cli s,

N.J.: Prentice-Hal , 1970.

Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., and Cornel West. The African American Century: How Black Americans Have

Shaped Our Country. New York: Free Press, 2000.

Hale, Grace Elizabeth. Making Whiteness: The Culture of Segregation in the South, 1890–1940. New

York: Pantheon, 1998.

Hart, Albert Bushnel . The Southern South. New York: D. Appleton, 1910.

Hochschild, Adam. King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa. New

York: Houghton Mif lin, 1998.

Hodgson, Joseph, ed. The Alabama Manual and Statistical Register for 1869. Montgomery: Montgomery

Daily Mail, 1869.

Hoole, Wil iam Stanley. Alias Simon Suggs: The Life and Times of Johnson Jones Hooper. Tuscaloosa: