Ottoman Brothers: Muslims, Christians, and Jews in Early Twentieth-Century Palestine (68 page)

BOOK: Ottoman Brothers: Muslims, Christians, and Jews in Early Twentieth-Century Palestine
5.25Mb size Format: txt, pdf, ePub
ads

61.
El Paradizo
, March 16, 1909.

62.
El Liberal
, October 15, 1909;
El Liberal
, November 15, 1909.

63.
“Intolerable!” by Moise Cohen,
El Liberal
, November 5, 1909.

64.
Ha-
erut
, November 5, 1909.

65.
Notices in the press about the rise in insecurity abound:
ava
elet
, December 11, 1908;
El Liberal
, no. 8 (February 1909);
El Liberal
, July 30, 1909;
Ha-
erut
, August 2, 1909;
Ha-
erut
, August 27, 1909;
Al-Karmil
, September 25, 1912. See also: Antébi to AIU, April 18, 1909, AAIU, Israel-IX.E.26; Antébi to AIU, May 2, 1909, AAIU, Israel-IX.E.26.

66.
See Zürcher, “Between Death and Desertion,” for a description of the horrors of Ottoman military service.

67.
See for example
ava
elet
, November 13, 1908.

68.
The Jews, in contrast to the Christians, were considered the “most loyal”
(en sadiq)
of the non-Muslim minority groups in this period. See Rodrigue, “Mass Destruction of Armenians and Jews.”

69.
“Letters from Turkey [sic],”
Ha-‘Olam
, June 8, 1909.

70.
See
Takvim-i Vekayi.

71.
For the figures, see
Ha-
erut
, July 14, 1909, Kushner, “Ha-dor ha-aharon,” 30; and Ben-Gurion, “Erez-Israel.” During this period, non-Muslims were required to continue to pay the
bedel
for the year 1325 (1909–10), and it was not officially canceled until August 1909.
Ha-
erut
, August 2, 1909. In February 1910, however, non-Muslims were still asked to pay up their exemption tax fees for the current year.
Ha-
erut
, February 16, 1910.

72.
Ha-
erut
, May 3, 1910.

73.
In theory, all Ottoman men between the ages of twenty to forty, irrespective of religion, were required to serve in the Ottoman military in a combination of active duty, reserves, and provincial or local guard. Published in
El Liberal
, August 27, 1909;
Ha-
erut
, August 25, 1909; November 12, 1909; September 7, 1910; November 23, 1910. Religious leaders, students and teachers were exempted.
El Liberal
, August 6, 1909. Medical exemptions were also detailed in
Ha-
erut
, March 7, 1910; and February 3, 5, 10, 15, and 24, 1911.

BOOK: Ottoman Brothers: Muslims, Christians, and Jews in Early Twentieth-Century Palestine
5.25Mb size Format: txt, pdf, ePub
ads

Other books

The Triumph of Caesar by Steven Saylor
The Jewish Neighbor by Khalifa, A.M.
Aunt Effie's Ark by Jack Lasenby
Nomad by JL Bryan
Shoedog by George P. Pelecanos
The Skies Discrowned by Tim Powers
Merline Lovelace by The Horse Soldier
Muertos de papel by Alicia Giménez Bartlett


readsbookonline.com Copyright 2016 - 2024