Ottoman Brothers: Muslims, Christians, and Jews in Early Twentieth-Century Palestine (84 page)

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9.
Al-Karmil
, September 7, 1912.

10.
For a discussion of the earliest clashes between Palestinian peasants and Zionist colonists, see R. Khalidi,
Palestinian Identity.
Also on the Purim 1908 fight in Jaffa, see Eliav,
Be-
asut Austria
, 339.

11.
On the fight between Ben-Zion Levi and Hashem Saqallah, see
Ha-
erut
, February 21 and 23, 1910;
Al-Naja
April 8, 1910; H. Calmy to AIU president, February 15, 1910, CZA, CM434/4;H. Calmy to AIU president, February 27, 1910, AAIU, I.C.2. The local AIU official conveyed his opinion to his superiors that the French vice-consul in the city had been admirably energetic in hunting for the killer, and that the general prosecutor of Jerusalem, Celal Bey, was handling the investigation with perfect impartiality.

12.
Al-Naja
April 8, 1910.

13.
Zionist officials also considered the idea of Hebrew labor dangerous, and they agreed the Jewish guards needed to be controlled. Report by Dyk, n.d., CZA Li/70; Ruppin to Zentralburo, July 28, 1912, CZA L5/70; Thon to Zionist Actions Committee, August 25, 1913, CZA Z3/1450.

14.
See Fishman, “Palestine Revisited,” 71.

15.
Quoted in ibid., 247.

16.
Filas
īn
, April 29, 1914; translated in Public Record Office FO 195/2459; quoted in ibid.

17.
See the report to the Zionist Actions Committee, May 28, 1914. CZA, L2/31II. See also Roi, “Zionist Attitude to the Arabs.” For example, Haqqi al-‘Azm demanded that the Jewish schools teach Arabic side-by-side with Hebrew (article in June 1914,
Al-Muqattam).
Cited in Mandel, “Attempts at an Arab-Zionist Entente.”
Al-Ahram's
correspondent Ibrahim Salim Najjar demanded that the Jewish community learn Arabic and merge with Arab culture. Cited in Yehoshu'a, “Tel Aviv in the Image of the Arab Press,” 222.

18.
Ha-
erut
, April 20, 1913.

19.
Malul's articles were a response to Ya'kov Rabinowitz's attack against him in
Ha-Po'el ha-
a'ir. Ha-
erut
, June 17, 18, and 19, 1913.

20.
Ibid.

21.
Ibid.

22.
Ibid.

23.
Malul was one of the few (or only?) Jewish members of the Decentralist Movement documented to date.

24.
See Rogers Brubaker, “Aftermaths of Empire and the Unmixing of Peoples.”

25.
Cited in Kark,
Jaffa
, 109. Of course the establishment of Tel Aviv to the north of Jaffa was intended to establish a “modern Hebrew” city far away from Levantine Jaffa. In 1913, the Palestine Office also drew up plans to establish a Jewish commercial center in Jaffa, to draw Jewish merchants and customers away from the central commercial street, Butrus Street. CZA, L51/4. For more on the relationship between Jaffa and Tel Aviv, see LeVine,
Overthrowing Geography.

26.
He proposed the Muslim municipality be in the north, the Jewish one in the center, and the Christian one in the south; the Old City would be a shared municipality. Nevertheless, even the New City was not hermetically divided, although neighborhoods were certainly more homogeneous. CZA, A153/1212.

27.
Letter from Stanley Hollis, U.S. Consul General of Beirut, August 16, 1911 (file 867.00/349); NACP, National Archives microfilm publication M353, roll 4, internal affairs of Turkey, central files of the Department of State, record group 59.

28.
Kayali,
Arabs and Young Turks
, 68–69.

29.
El-Destour, October 11, 1908;
Ha-
vi
, November 15, 1908. Khalil al-Sakakini documents the establishment of the brotherhood in Jerusalem in al-Sakakini,
Kadha ana ya dunya
, October 21, 1908, entry. He says the ten founding members included himself, Musa Shafik al-Khalidi, Mayor Faidi al-‘Alami, Hanna al-'Issa, and Nakhla Zurayq. See also Saab,
Arab Federalists of the Ottoman Empire
, for background information on these organizations.

30.
The chapter was under the leadership of Shukri al-Husayni.
Al-Nafir
, October 24, 1911.

31.
Kayali,
Arabs and Young Turks
, 75.

32.
Özoğlu,
Kurdish Notables and the Ottoman State
, 78.

33.
Tanin, April 19, 1910. Quoted in Kayali,
Arabs and Young Turks
, 88.

34.
Al-Najā
, April 8, 1910.

BOOK: Ottoman Brothers: Muslims, Christians, and Jews in Early Twentieth-Century Palestine
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