Never Call Retreat (77 page)

16.Maj. Gen. Thomas J. Wood said Grant told him that if the Confederate line at the foot of the ridge could be taken "it would so threaten Bragg's center that he would draw enough troops from his right ... to ensure the success of General Sherman's attack." (Wood,
The Battle of Missionary Ridge,
in
Sketches of War History,
Ohio Commandery Papers, MOLLUS, Vol. IV, 34.)

17.It is clear that various generals, notably Sheridan and Wood, ordered their men up the mountainside; equally clear that the men got the idea independently. Wood wrote: "I frankly confess that I was simply one of the boys on that occasion. I was infected by the prevailing enthusiasm." (Wood, op. cit., 37.) Brig. Gen. William B. Hazen of Wood's division said flatly that the battle "was fought by the men of the army and not by the generals." (Hazen's account of Missionary Ridge, in the Palmer Collection, Western Reserve Historical Society.)

18.Montgomery Meigs, who was with Grant during the battle, wrote: "General Grant said that it was contrary to orders, it was not his plan—he meant to form the lines and then prepare and launch columns of assault, but as the men carried away by their enthusiasm had gone so far he would not order them back." (Mss.
Journal of the Battle of Chattanooga,
in the M. C. Meigs Papers, Library of Congress.) Grant's behavior during the battle is described by Joseph Fullerton,
The Army of the Cumberland at Chattanooga,
B. & L„ Vol. Ill, 725.

19. O.R., Vol. XXXI, Part Two, 664-67; Wood, op. cit., 38.

20.    James A. Connolly,
Three Years in the Army of the Cum-
berland,
158; letter of U. S. Grant to "Dear James" dated Dec. 3,
1863, in the Grant Papers, Chicago Historical Society.

Chapter Five:
THE IMPOSSIBILITIES

1. An Impassable Gulf

1. O.R., Vol. XXXI, Part Two, 664-67; post-war letter to Major G. T. Sykes, quoted in W. M. Polk,
Leonidas Polk,
Vol.

LT, 308; letters to Davis dated Nov. 30 and Dec. 10, in the Palmer Collection, Western Reserve Historical Society; letter to Davis dated Dec. 8, in the Jefferson Davis Papers, Manuscript Department, Duke University Library.

2.
 
Kean,
Inside the Confederate Government,
116-17, 119; letter of Bragg to Davis dated Dec. 2, in the Palmer Collection; Lee to Davis dated Dec. 3, in the Andre de Coppet Collection, Manuscripts Division, Princeton University Library; private letter, Lee to Jeb Stuart, dated Dec. 9, in the H. B. McClellan Papers, Virginia State Historical Society; O.R., Vol. XXXI, Part Three, 792, 813-16.

3.
 
The tabulation was made by Robert Garlick Hill Kean, head of the War Department's "Bureau of War," and is found in
Inside the Confederate Government,
120-21. A return for the Confederate army on or about Dec. 31, 1863, gives a present for duty total of 233,586. O.R., Series Four, Vol. H, 1073.

4.
 
O.R., Vol. XXXI, Part Three, 842-43, 856-57; Johnston to Wigfall, letters dated Dec. 27, 1863, and Jan. 6, 1864, in the Louis T. Wigfall Papers, Library of Congress.

5.
 
Burnside's account of his operation gives a convincing explanation of his inability to come to Rosecrans' aid at Chattanooga; O.R., Vol. XXX, Part One, 272-79, and Part Three, 904-5.

6.
 
CCW Report, 1865,
Vol. I,
Army of the Potomac,
339-40, 381; Swinton,
Campaigns of the Army of the Potomac,
373-75.

7. Basler, Vol. VI, 466-67.

8.
 
O.R., Vol. XXIX, Part One, 407-9; letter to Mrs. Lee dated Oct. 19, in the R. E. Lee Papers, Library of Congress.

9.
 
Meade's report on the Mine Run campaign is in O.R., Vol. XXIX, Part One, 12-18. There is a good treatment of the affair in Thomas L. Livermore,
The Mine Run Campaign,
November 1863, MHSM Papers, Vol. XIV, 45-53.

10.Sallie A. Putnam,
In Richmond During the Confederacy,
262.

11.Rowland, Vol. VI, 127-28; editorial in the Richmond
Examiner,
issue of Nov. 24, 1863.

2. Eloquence at Gettysburg

1. Basler, Vol. VI, 428; diary of William T. Coggeshall, mili-
tary secretary to Gov. Dennison of Ohio, entry for Nov. 26, 1863,
in the Illinois State Historical Library; the gift of Mrs. Foreman
M. Lebold.

2. This was the famous "ten percent plan," set forth in Lin-
coin's Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction dated Dec. 8, in Basler, Vol. VII, 53-56.

3.
The letters to Banks are dated Aug. 5 and Nov. 5, 1863; Basler, Vol. VI, 364-65, and Vol. VII, 1-2.

4.
Telegram dated Aug. 5 and draft of reply dated Aug. 6, in the John G. Nicolay Papers, Library of Congress.

5.
Letters of Blair to Barlow dated Dec. 23 and Dec. 29, 1863, in the Barlow Papers, Huntington Library.

6.
Letter to "My dear Wife" dated Dec. 16, in the Edwin Ober-lin Wentworth letters, Library of Congress.

7.
Terrible Swift Sword,
370-71.

8.
Supra, 134. Lincoln occasionally gave lip service to the idea of colonization after this, but to all intents and purposes he had abandoned it.

9.
O.R., Vol. XXIII, Part One, 632-818, passim. Morgan's orders from Joe Wheeler, dated June 18, were to operate in Kentucky against Federal railroad lines and supply depots, and to fall on Rosecrans' rear if Rosecrans moved against Bragg.

10.Clifford D. Owsley,
Genesis of the World's Greatest Speech,
in the
Lincoln Herald,
Fall 1962, 136.

11.Cincinnati
Daily Commercial
for Nov. 23, 1863, photostats from Lincoln National Life Foundation, courtesy of Dr. R. Gerald McMurtry; letter of Frank Haskell to his brother dated Nov. 20, in the Haskell Papers, State Historical Society of Wisconsin. The estimate of the number of visitors is from the Washington
Daily Chronicle
for Nov. 20.

12.Cincinnati
Daily Commercial,
as cited in Note 11, above; Fred Stripp,
The Other Gettysburg Address,
in
Civil War History,
June 1955, 164; Boston
Journal
for Nov. 23, 1863. Excellent coverage of the day at Gettysburg can be found in Louis A. Warren,
Lincoln's Gettysburg Declaration: A New Birth of Freedom,
and David C. Mearns and Lloyd A. Dunlap,
Long Remembered.

13.Associated Press text, photostat from the Lincoln National Life Foundation; John Hay,
Lincoln and the Civil War,
121.

3. Amnesty and Suffrage

1.
American Annual Cyclopaedia for 1864,
219.

2.
Basler, Vol. VII, 53-56.

3.
John Hay,
Lincoln and the Civil War,
131-32; Noah Brooks,
Washington in Lincoln's Time,
150-51.

4.
Congressional Globe, 38th Congress, First Session, Part III, 2095-96.

5. Ibid., Part I, 21, 45.

6.
American Annual Cyclopaedia for 1864,
227; Congressional
Globe, 38th Congress, First Session, Part I, 22.

7. Ibid., Part III, 2041-45.

8.
Congressional Globe, 38th Congress, First Session, Part IV, 3448-49. For a brief sketch of Davis, see the
American Annual Cyclopaedia for 1865,
305-6.

9.
Congressional Globe, 38th Congress, First Session, Part IV, Appendix, 82-85.

10.Ibid., Part III, 3449-51.

11.John Hay, op. cit., 205.

12. A supposed letter from Lincoln to Gen. James Wadsworth,
vaguely dated "January 1864" and stating the President's readiness
to accept universal suffrage (Basler, Vol. VII, 101-2), would be
most useful if its authenticity could be accepted. Unfortunately,
it seems to be a shaky bit of evidence. The original of the letter
has not been found; the text comes from a story in the New York
Tribune
for Sept. 26, 1865, quoting a story supposed to have ap-
peared in the
Southern Advocate
—and, as Editor Basler points
out, the original copy of that paper has not been found, either.
That the document may state Lincoln's private position is of
course quite possible, but by itself it is not convincing. On top of
other objections, it contains sentences that just do not sound like
Lincoln.

13. Basler, Vol. VII, 243, 281-82.

14.Letter of H. G. Stebbins dated Jan. 20, 1864, in the Barlow Papers.

15.Letter of Lt. Col. Samuel M. Quincy dated March 12, 1864, in the Samuel M. Quincy Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society.

16.Basler, Vol. VII, 433-34; Noah Brooks, op. cit., 154-55; John Hay, 204-5; Diary of Edward Bates, 382-83.

4. Solitary in a Crowd

1.
 
Letter of Cox to Barlow dated Dec. 13, 1863, in the Barlow Papers.

2.
 
Congressional Globe, 38th Congress, First Session, Part I, 428-29.

3.
 
Grant to J. N. Morris of Quincy, HI., dated Jan. 21, 1864; from the U. S. Grant Association, original in the Illinois State Historical Library.

4. Helen Nicolay,
Lincoln's Secretary: a Biography of John G.

Nicolay,
194-95; Noah Brooks,
Washington in Lincoln's Time,
134-35;
Diary of Gideon Welles,
Vol. I, 538-39.

5.
R. H. Dana, Jr., to his wife, dated April 21, 1864, in the Dana Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society.

6.
Hamlin Garland's notes on an interview with Judge J. H. Robinson, in the Hamlin Garland Papers, University of Southern California Library; letter of Banks to Mrs. Banks dated Aug. 1, 1863, in the N. P. Banks Papers, Essex Institute Library; typescript,
Note by Mrs. Dr. Baker,
in the Garland Papers.

7.
Diary of Gideon Welles,
Vol. I, 440; letter of Grant to C. A. Dana dated Aug. 5, 1863, thanking Dana for "your timely intercession in saving me from going to the Army of the Potomac," from the U. S. Grant Association, original in the Library of Congress; letter of Grant to Congressman Elihu B. Washburne, in the Illinois State Historical Library; Helen Nicolay, op. cit., 196.

8.
Letter of Gen. Humphreys to Mrs. Humphreys dated March 10, in the A. A. Humphreys Papers, the Historical Society of Pennsylvania; Wainwright,
A Diary of Battle,
329, 338.

9.
Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant,
Vol. II, 116-17;
The Life and Letters of George Gordon Meade,
Vol. II, 177-78.

10.O.R., Vol. XXXII, Part Two, 99-101, 142-43; Vol. XXXIII, 394-95.

11.Letter of Grant to Halleck dated April 26, 1864, in the Illinois State Historical Library.

12. O.R., Vol. XXXII, Part One, 173-79.

13. O.R., Vol. XXXVI, Part One, 12-18. The President's un-
availing attempt to get Don Carlos Buell to see this point is
set forth in
Terrible Swift Sword,
472-73.

14.        O.R., Vol. XXXni, 827-28.

15. U. S. Grant,
Preparing for the Campaigns of 1864,
B. & L.,
Vol. IV, 112. Grant apparently liked Lincoln's expression; a
little later, telling Sherman about his plans for a move up the
Shenandoah Valley, he remarked that "if Sigel can't skin himself
he can hold a leg whilst someone else skins." O.R., Vol. XXXII,
Part Three, 246.

5.
The General and the Statesman

1. Ulrich Bonnell Phillips, ed.,
The Correspondence of Robert
Toombs, Alexander H. Stephens and Howell Cobb;
Annual Re-
port of the American Historical Association for the Year 1911,
Vol. II, 631.

2.         Richardson,
Messages and Papers of the Confederacy,
Vol.

I, 329-31; Rowland, Vol. VI, 164-69. See also E. Merton Coulter,
The Confederate States of America, 1861-65,
392-93.

3.
Richard Malcolm Johnson and William H. Browne,
Life of Alexander H. Stephens,
452-53.

4.
From the Andre de Coppet Collection, Princeton University Library: letter in the handwriting of W. T. Sherman, copied by him from an original loaned to him after the war by a former soldier who picked it up at Johnson's home, Sandy Green, Ga., in 1864.

5. Ulrich Bonnell Phillips, op. cit., 628.

6.      Edward A. Pollard,
Life of Jefferson Davis,
309, 312-13;
Frank Vandiver, ed.,
Proceedings of the First Confederate Con-
gress, Fourth Session,
SHSP, Vol. L, 21-22, 37, 49.

7. Rowland, Vol. VI, 141-46.

8.
O.R., Vol. XXXIII, 1064-65, 1073, 1076-77, 1094-95;
The Wartime Papers of R. E. Lee,
672-73.

9.
Letter of Lee to Davis dated Feb. 3, in the Andre de Cop-pet Collection, Princeton University Library.

10.Lee to Davis dated March 25, in
The Wartime Papers of R. E. Lee,
682-84.

11.Letter to G. W. C. Lee dated March 29, in the R. E. Lee Papers, Manuscript Department, Duke University Library; letters to Davis dated March 30 and April 12, in the Andre de Coppet Collection; O.R., Vol. XXXIII, 1260-61, 1276-77; Vol. XXXII, Part Three, 156.

12.Lee to Bragg dated April 16, in the Eldridge Collection, Huntington Library; O.R., Vol. XXXVI, Part Two, 1054.

13.
Military Memoirs of a Confederate,
493-94.

Chapter Six:
ACT OF FAITH
1. The Last Barrier

1.
Letters of Johnston to Senator Wigfall dated Jan. 6, Jan. 9, March 6, April 5, and April 30, in the Louis Wigfall Papers, Library of Congress; letter to J. E. B. Stuart dated Jan. 21, in the Huntington Library.

2.
For a discussion of Hood's role, see Gilbert E. Govan and James W. Livingood,
A Different Valor,
249-57.

3.
O.R., Vol. XXXIT, Part Three, 468-69. Note that the Federals named their armies for rivers while the Confederates named theirs for states. Thus Johnston's command was the Army of Tennessee and McPherson's was the Army of
the
Tennessee.