Never Call Retreat (73 page)

6.
For a judicious appraisal of this affair see Allan Nevins,
The War for the Union,
Vol. II, 350-65. Gideon Welles left a full account of the proceedings in his
Diary,
Vol. I, 194-202.-

7. Letter of Franklin and Smith to Lincoln dated Dec. 21, in

the W. F. Smith Papers, courtesy of Walter Wilgus; with a supplementary letter by Franklin dated Dec. 26.

8.
Basler, Vol. VI, 31; John G. Nicolay and John Hay:
Abraham Lincoln, a History,
Vol. VI, 213-14. (Cited hereafter as Nicolay & Hay.)

9.
Nicolay & Hay, Vol. VI, 211, 213-14; letters of G. K. Warren to his brother dated Dec. 18, 1862, and Jan. 5, 1863, in the G. K. Warren Papers, Manuscript and Historical Section, New York State Library, Albany.

10. Allan Nevins, ed.,
A Diary of Battle,
by Col. Charles S.
Wainwright, 157-59;
The Life and Letters of George Gordon
Meade,
Vol. I, 349; Darius N. Couch,
Sumner's Right Grand Di-
vision,
B. & L., Vol. Ill, 119. It should be borne in mind that
Wainwright was a conservative Democrat, a bitter critic of Abraham Lincoln and a devout supporter of McClellan.

The common assumption that Burnside's march never had a chance may need revision. At the time, some competent critics commended the plan. Meade wrote (loc. cit.) "I believe but for the storm we would have succeeded," and Maj. Gen. A. A. Humphreys assured his wife: "If we had only marched a day earlier, and could have attacked the enemy's entrenchments in that storm, we should have carried them." (Letter dated Jan. 24, in the Humphreys Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania.) Wainwright said that Gen. Henry Hunt, chief of artillery of the Army of the Potomac, "thinks our chances of success were good had there been no disaffection in the ranks." Wainwright added that he understood that Gen. John F. Reynolds, commander of the I Corps, felt the same way.
(A Diary of Battle,
161.)

11.  O.R., Vol XXI, 998-99, 1004-5;
CCW Report, 1863,
Part
One, 720. Sumner had no part in the anti-Burnside cabal. He did,
however, rank Hooker and it seemed advisable not to make him
serve under a junior. In addition, he was an old man, stout-hearted
but rather antiquated, hardly fitted for high command in an army
that needed vigorous rebuilding.

12. Basler, Vol. VI, 78-79.

13. The literature on the Porter case is voluminous. For a
brief review of the affair, see Richard B. Irwin,
The Case of Fitz
John Porter,
B. & L., Vol. II, 695-97. For a stout defense of Por-
ter and McClellan, see Otto Eisenschiml,
The Celebrated Case of
Fitz John Porter.

Chapter Two:
PARTING OF THE RED SEA WAVES
1. The Land of Cotton

1.
Cecil D. Eby, ed.,
A Virginia Yankee in the Civil War; the Diaries of David Hunter Strother,
134-36; John W. De Forest,
A Volunteer's Adventures,
44, 48, 50.

2.
O.R., Vol. XV, 639; Strother,
A Virginia Yankee in the Civil War,
145-46.

3.
Ibid., 144; letter of Gen. Banks to "My Dearest Mary," dated Jan. 15, 1863, in the N. P. Banks Papers, Essex Institute Library, Salem, Mass.

4.
O.R., Vol. XV, 590-91; John C. Palfrey,
Port Hudson,
in Papers of the Military Historical Society of Massachusetts, Vol. VIII, 24-25. (When this collection is cited hereafter it is referred to as MHSM Papers.)

5.
Letter of Barnett to Barlow dated Dec. 30, 1862, in the Barlow Papers, Huntington Library.

6.
O.R., Vol. XV, 164, 171, 440-41, 486-87, 535. In April 1861, when he commanded Federal troops in Maryland, Butler assured Gov. Thomas H. Hicks that if necessary he would use his troops to put down any slave uprising. O.R., Vol. II, 593.

7.
O.R., Vol. XV, 623, 640; Fred Harvey Harrington,
Fighting Politician: Major General N. P. Banks,
93; letter of Banks to Mrs. Banks dated Feb. 5, 1863, in the N. P. Banks Papers, Essex Institute Library.

8.
Harrington, op. cit., 91; O.R., Vol. XV, 667;
A Virginia Yankee in the Civil War,
148-50.

9.
For Federal and Confederate strengths at this time see O.R., Vol. XV, 627, 965; Vol. XXVI, Part One, 7-8.

10.In west Louisiana Maj. Gen. Richard Taylor had some 3500 Confederate soldiers, present for duty, equipped; at Mobile there were 7600 under Brig. Gen. W. W. Mackall. O.R., Vol. XV, 240-43, 888, 903; Vol. XXVI, Part One, 8.

11.Letter of Banks to Halleck dated May 4, 1863, in the N. P. Banks Papers, Essex Institute Library.

12.Farragut to Admiral B. T. Bailey dated April 22, 1863, in the Farragut Papers, David H. Annan Collection; Loyall Farragut,
The Life of David Glasgow Farragut,
307.

13.Farragut to Commander H. H. Bell, dated March 5, 1863, in the Farragut Papers, Annan Collection.

14.
Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion,
Vol. XXIV, 385-96 (cited hereafter as N.O.R.); Edwin C. Bearss,
Federal Attempts to Cut Supply Lines,
an excellent series of articles in the Vicksburg
Sunday Post,
February-April, 1961.

15. Strother,
A Virginia Yankee in the Civil War,
161.

16. N.O.R., Vol. XTX, 665-68; letter of Farragut to Maj. Gen.
Augur dated April 16, 1863, in the C. C. Augur Collection, Il-
linois State Historical Library, Springfield.

2. In Motion in All Directions

1. Johnston to Davis dated Jan. 2, 1863, in the J. E. Johnston
Papers, Manuscript Department, Duke University Library.

2. O.R., Vol. XVII, Part One, 700.

3.
O.R., Vol. XVTI, Part. Two, 546-47, 553-55;
Memoirs of Gen. W. T. Sherman,
Vol. I, 296.

4.
O.R., Vol. XVII, Part One, 710, 719; Part Two, 563. In his
Memoirs
(Vol. I, 301) Sherman has McClernand exulting over his victory with the words: "Glorious! Glorious! My star is ever in the ascendant. . . . I'll make a splendid report!" In his personal copy of the published book, however, Sherman marked this passage for deletion and wrote: "I was not justified in reproducing it in the 1st Edition. His exclamation was natural and proper enough." (Sherman's copy with his pencilled annotations is in the Northwestern University Library, Evanston, HI.)

5.
O.R., Vol. XVII, Part Two, 573.

6.
Ibid., 551-52.

7.
Letter of F. P. Blair, Jr., to Mrs. Blair, in the Francis P. Blair Papers, Library of Congress; letters of C. C. Washburn to Congressman Elihu B. Washburne (the men were brothers but they gave the family name different spellings) in the Washburne Papers, Library of Congress. The letter is dated March 16, 1863. There is a more detailed account of the army's activities this winter in
Grant Moves South,
366-87.

8.
Letter of Capt. Delos Van Deusen, 6th Missouri Volunteers, dated Feb. 22, 1863, in the Huntington Library; letter of Lucian B. Chase from Young's Point dated Feb. 11, in the Chicago Historical Society.

9.
O.R., Vol. XVn, Part Two, 833, 835-36; Vol. XXIV, Part Three, 596-97.

10. O.R., Vol. XXIV, Part Three, 593, 597, 599-600.

11. Ibid., 631-32, 650, 663, 677.

12.Ibid., 670-730, passim. In a long letter to Maj. W. T. Walthall, written in 1878, now in the New York Public Library, Pemberton argued with a good deal of logic that the withdrawal of his cavalry in January "was not only a remote but a great proximate cause of all our misfortunes." Because of this, he said, he had "the greatest difficulty ... in obtaining any reliable information of (Grant's) strength, movements or disposition of his troops."

13.O.R., Vol. XXIV, Part One, 44-48; Part Three, 709-38, passim.

14.    Ibid., 745, 747.

3. The Needs of Two Armies

1.
E. P. Alexander,
Military Memoirs of a Confederate,
318; O.R., Vol. XXi, 1110.

2.
Letter of Lieut. Henry Ropes to John Codman Ropes dated April 17, 1863, in the Ropes Letter Book, Rare Book Room, Boston Public Library; letter of August Augur to S. L. M. Barlow dated Jan. 17, in the Barlow Papers, Huntington Library; diary of Marsena Patrick, entry for Jan. 29, in the Library of Congress.

3.
CCW Report, 1865,
Vol. I, 112-13; letter of Frank A. Haskell dated March 31, 1863, in the Haskell Papers, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison; J. H. Stine,
History of the Army of the Potomac,
312.

4.
There is a good summary of Hooker's achievements as an administrator in Walter H. Hebert,
Fighting Joe Hooker,
164-91. K. P. Williams is sharply critical of the abolition of the Grand Divisions in
Lincoln Finds a General,
Vol. II, 560-61.

5.
Gen. William E. Doster,
Lincoln and the Episodes of the Civil War,
cited in
Glory Road,
148-49.

6.
Noah Brooks,
Washington in Lincoln's Time,
56; John Bige-low, Jr.,
The Campaign of Chancellorsville: a Strategical and Tactical Study,
31.

7.
Augustus Buell,
The Cannoneer: Recollections of Service in the Army of the Potomac,
48-49.

8.         Stine,
History of the Army of the Potomac,
313.

9.      Lee to G. W. C. Lee dated Feb. 28, 1863, in the R. E. Lee
Papers, Manuscript Department, Duke University Library; Lee
to Davis dated Feb. 16, in the Andre de Coppet Collection, Prince-
ton University Library; O.R., Vol. XXV, Part Two, 631-32.

10.        Charles W. Ramsdell,
General Robert E. Lee's Horse Sup-
ply,
American Historical Review, Vol. XXXV, 758-60; O.R., Vol. XXV, Part Two, 604, 681-82; Series Four, Vol. II, 615-16.

11.Edward Younger, ed.,
Inside the Confederate Government: the Diary of Robert Garlick Hill Kean, 41;
O.R., Series Four, Vol. II, 881-83; Robert C. Black,
Railroads of the Confederacy,
294-95.

12.Seddon to Lee, Feb, 10, 1863, in O.R., Vol. XXV, Part Two, 609-10; Lee to Seddon, Feb. 21, ibid., 638-39.

13. J. B. Jones,
A Rebel War Clerk's Diary,
152, 174, 188.

14.Varina Howell Davis,
Jefferson Davis: A Memoir by His Wife,
Vol. II, 373-76;
A Rebel War Clerk's Diary,
183-84.

15.Clifford Dowdey, ed.,
The Wartime Papers of R. E. Lee,
430, 433, 435; Jed. Hotchkiss,
Confederate Military History,
Vol. Ill,
Virginia,
375-76.

16.
The Wartime Papers of R. E. Lee,
400, 427; letters to Mrs. Lee dated March 6 and March 9 in the R. E. Lee Papers, Library of Congress.

17.Letter to Mrs. Lee dated April 19, in the R. E. Lee Papers, Library of Congress.

4. A Bridge for the Moderates

1.
Congressional Globe, 37th Congress, Third Session, Appendix, 53-60.

2.
It seems to be impossible to get a solid figure for the number of political arrests during the war. Both James Ford Rhodes
(History of the United States, 1850-1877,
Vol. IV, 230-32) and James G. Randall
(Constitutional Problems Under Lincoln,
152) delved into the question and could come up with nothing better than estimates that the total was somewhere between 13,535 and 38,000. Randall felt that the latter figure was much too high; Rhodes could only conclude that the arrests must be counted in the thousands.

3.
Cox to Marble dated March 11, 1863, in the Manton Marble Papers, Library of Congress.

4.
Letters of Barnett to Barlow dated Dec. 20 and Dec. 22, 1862, and May 15 and May 16, 1863, in the Barlow Papers, Huntington Library.

5.
Lincoln to Seymour dated March 23, in Basler, Vol. VI, 145-46; Seymour to Lincoln dated April 14, in the Robert Todd Lincoln Papers, Library of Congress.

6.
Letter of Bates to James B. Eads dated March 23, 1863, in the Eads Papers, Missouri Historical Society; Basler, Vol. VI, 234.

7. Ibid., 291.

5.
The Way of the Liberated

1.
Congressional Globe, 37th Congress, Third Session, Appendix, 55-56.

2.
Letter of T. J. Barnett to Barlow dated Nov. 30, 1862, detailing a conversation with President Lincoln, in the Barlow Papers, Huntington Library.

3.
Letter of Plumly to Lincoln dated Jan. 1, 1863, in the Robert Todd Lincoln Papers, Library of Congress.

4.         Appleton's
American Annual Cyclopaedia for 1863,
428.

5.
John Eaton,
Grant, Lincoln and the Freedman,
cited in
Grant Moves South,
357.

6.
Letter of Grant to Halleck dated Feb. 18, 1863, in the New York Historical Society. There is an extensive discussion of the refugee camps in Appleton's
American Annual Cyclopaedia for 1863,
428-29.

7.
Letters from Maria R. Mann at Helena, Ark., dated Feb. 10 and April 19, 1863, in the Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.

8.
Many of these findings are from Appleton's
Cyclopaedia,
as noted in Note 6, above; much of the material there apparently is based on a report by James E. Yeatman, president of the Western Sanitary Commission. See also a report to Secretary Stanton by Brig. Gen. R. Saxton in O.R., Series Three, Vol. IV, 1028-29.

9.
Letter of Grant to Washburne dated Aug. 30, 1863, in the Illinois State Historical Library, Springfield.

10.   Basler, Vol. VI, 56, 149-50.

11.Letter of Halleck to Grant dated March 31, 1863, in the Lieber Collection, Huntington Library.

12.Letter of Nicolay to his wife dated March 8, 1863, in the John G. Nicolay Papers, Library of Congress.

13.Letter of Bragg to Mrs. Bragg dated June 13, 1863, in the Edward S. Bragg Papers, State Historical Society of Wisconsin Library.