23
| Shandong, 1962, A1-2-1130, pp. 39–44.
|
24
| Shandong, 1962, A1-2-1127, pp. 7–11.
|
25
| Report by Tan Qilong to Shu Tong and Mao Zedong, Shandong, 11 April 1959, A1-1-465, p. 25.
|
26
| Confession by Shu Tong, Shandong, 10 Dec. 1960, A1-1-634, p. 23.
|
28
| Letter by Yang Xuanwu on Shu Tong to the provincial party committee, Shandong, 9 April 1961, A1-2-980, p. 15; see also 1961, A1-2-1025, pp. 9–10.
|
29
| This is the estimate of a group of official party historians from Fuyang: Fuyang shiwei dangshi yanjiushi (eds),
Zhengtu: Fuyang shehuizhuyi shiqi dangshi zhuanti huibian
(Compendium of special topics on the party history of Fuyang during the socialist era), Fuyang: Anhui jingshi wenhua chuanbo youxian zeren gongsi, 2007, p. 155.
|
30
| Fuyang, 17 Aug. 1961, J3-2-280, p. 114.
|
31
| Fuyang, 12 March 1961, J3-1-228, p. 20; 18 Aug. 1961, J3-2-280, p. 126.
|
32
| Fuyang, 10 Jan. 1961, J3-2-278, p. 85.
|
34
| Fuyang, 12 Aug. 1961, J3-1-228, p. 96b.
|
35
| Fuyang, 17 Aug. 1961, J3-2-280, p. 115.
|
36
| Fuyang, 10 Jan. 1961, J3-2-278, p. 86.
|
37
| Fuyang, 30 Jan. 1961, J3-2-278, pp. 2–9.
|
38
| Confession by Hao Ruyi, leader of Jieshou, Fuyang, 10 Jan. 1961, J3-2-280, p. 48.
|
40
| Confession by Zhao Song, leader of Linquan, 15 Feb. 1961, Fuyang, J3-2-280, p. 91.
|
41
| Fuyang, 6 Jan. 1961, J3-1-227, pp. 54–5.
|
42
| Fuyang, 12 June 1961, J3-2-279, p. 15.
|
43
| Fuyang, 20 March 1961, J3-2-278, pp. 67 and 69.
|
45
| Fuyang, 29 Feb. 1961, J3-2-278, p. 64.
|
46
| Report from party secretary Liu Daoqian to the regional party committee, Fuyang, 6 Jan. 1961, J3-1-227, pp. 54–5.
|
Chapter 36: Cannibalism
1
| Yunnan, 28 Feb. 1959, 2-1-3700, p. 103.
|
2
| Guangdong, 1961, 217-1-646, pp. 25–30.
|
3
| Xili county was a combination, at the time, of Lixian county and Xihe county; police report to the Ministry of Public Security, Gansu, 13 April 1961, 91-9-215, p. 94.
|
5
| Report by work group sent by the provincial party committee, Shandong, 1961, A1-2-1025, p. 7.
|
6
| Confession by Zhang Zhongliang, Gansu, 3 Dec. 1960, 91-18-140, p. 19.
|
7
| Confession by Shu Tong, Shandong, 10 Dec. 1960, A1-1-634, p. 10.
|
8
| Minutes of county party committee meeting, Chishui, 9 Dec. 1960, 1-A11-34, pp. 83 and 96.
|
9
| Neibu cankao
, 14 April 1960, pp. 25–6.
|
10
| Gansu, Jan.–Feb. 1961, 91-18-200, p. 271.
|
11
| Gansu, 3 March 1961, 91-4-898, pp. 82–7.
|
12
| Sichuan, 1961, JC1-2608, pp. 93 and 96–7.
|
13
| Very much the same happened in the Soviet Union; see Bertrand M. Patenaude,
The Big Show in Bololand: The American Relief Expedition to Soviet Russia in the Famine of 1921
, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2002, p. 262.
|
Chapter 37: The Final Tally
1
| Basil Ashton, Kenneth Hill, Alan Piazza and Robin Zeitz, ‘Famine in China, 1958–61’,
Population and Development Review
, vol. 10, no. 4 (Dec. 1984), pp. 613–45.
|
2
| Judith Banister, ‘An Analysis of Recent Data on the Population of China’,
Population and Development Review
, vol. 10, no. 2 (June 1984), pp. 241–71.
|
3
| Peng Xizhe, ‘Demographic Consequences of the Great Leap Forward in China’s Provinces’,
Population and Development Review
, vol. 13, no. 4 (Dec. 1987), pp. 639–70; Chang and Holliday,
Mao
, p. 438.
|
6
| Becker,
Hungry Ghosts
, pp. 271–2.
|
7
| Hubei, 1962, SZ34-5-143, entire file.
|
8
| Hubei, March 1962, SZ34-5-16, p. 43.
|
9
| Gansu, 16 March 1962, 91-9-274, p. 1; followed by a reminder sent on 24 May 1962 on p. 5.
|
10
| Fuyang, 1961, J3-1-235, p. 34.
|
11
| Sichuan, Nov.–Dec. 1961, JC1-2756, p. 54.
|
12
| Sichuan, Oct. 1961, JC1-2418, p. 106.
|
13
| Sichuan, 2 Nov. 1959, JC1-1808, p. 166.
|
14
| Hebei, 10 Jan. 1961, 856-1-221, pp. 31–2; 17 Dec. 1960, 858-18-777, pp. 96–7.
|
15
| Hebei, 29 Dec. 1960, 855-18-777, pp. 126–7.
|
16
| Sichuan, May–June 1962, JC67-4; also in JC67-1003, p. 3.
|
17
| Sichuan, 23 Feb. 1963, JC67-112, pp. 9–12.
|
18
| Yunnan, 16 May 1959, 81-4-25, p. 17; for the average death rate in 1957 see
Zhongguo tongji nianjian, 1984
, Beijing: Zhongguo tongji chubanshe, 1984, p. 83; Cao,
Da jihuang
, p. 191.
|
19
| Speech by Liu Shaoqi, May 1961, Hunan, 141-1-1901, p. 120.
|
20
| Hebei, 21 Jan. 1961, 855-19-855, pp. 100–4; on Hu Kaiming, see Yu,
Dayuejin ku rizi
, pp. 451–75.
|
21
| Cao,
Da jihuang
, p. 234.
|
22
| Hebei, 19 Jan. 1961, 878-1-7, pp. 1–4; Cao,
Da jihuang
, p. 246.
|
23
| Hebei, 19 Jan. 1961, 878-1-7, pp. 1–4; Cao,
Da jihuang
, pp. 240 and 246.
|
24
| Gansu, Jan.–Feb. 1961, 91-18-200, p. 57; Cao,
Da jihuang
, pp. 271 and 465.
|
25
| Gansu, Jan.–Feb. 1961, 91-18-200, p. 94; Cao,
Da jihuang
, p. 273.
|
26
| Gansu, Jan.–Feb. 1961, 91-18-200, p. 107; Cao,
Da jihuang
, p. 275.
|
27
| Gansu, Jan.–Feb. 1961, 91-18-200, p. 45; Cao,
Da jihuang
, p. 275.
|
28
| Guizhou, 1962, 90-1-2706, printed page 19.
|
29
| Chishui, 14 Jan. 1961, 1-A12-1, pp. 83–7; Dec. 1960, 1-A11-30, pp. 67–71; Cao,
Da jihuang
, p. 158.
|
30
| Chishui, 9 May 1960, 1-A11-9, pp. 5–9; Cao,
Da jihuang
, p. 164.
|
31
| Report on Yanhe county, Guizhou, 1961, 90-1-2270, printed page 1; Cao mentions 24,000 premature deaths for the Tongren region as a whole; Cao,
Da jihuang
, p. 166.
|
32
| Shandong, 1962, A1-2-1127, p. 46; Cao,
Da jihuang
, p. 219.
|
33
| Shandong, 1962, A1-2-1130, p. 42.
|
34
| Shandong, 7 June 1961, A1-2-1209, p. 110; Cao,
Da jihuang
, p. 231.
|
35
| Guangdong, 1961, 217-1-644, p. 72; Cao,
Da jihuang
, p. 129.
|
36
| Guangdong, 20 Jan. 1961, 217-1-644, p. 61; Cao,
Da jihuang
, pp. 126–8.
|
37
| Hunan, June and 28 Aug. 1964, 141-1-2494, pp. 74 and 81–2.
|
38
| Ministry of Public Security report on population statistics, 16 Nov. 1963, Chishui, 1-A14-15, pp. 2–3.
|
39
| Report by Central Census Office, 26 May 1964, Chishui, 1-A15-15, pp. 6–7.
|
40
| Becker,
Hungry Ghosts
, p. 272.
|
41
| Yu,
Dayuejin ku rizi
, p. 8.
|
Epilogue
1
| Liu’s speech on 27 Jan. 1962, Gansu, 91-18-493, pp. 58–60 and 62.
|
2
| Li,
Private Life of Chairman Mao
, p. 386.
|
3
| Lin Biao speech, Gansu, 29 Jan. 1962, 91-18-493, pp. 163–4.
|
4
| Zhou Enlai speech, Gansu, 7 Feb. 1962, 91-18-493, p. 87.
|
5
| Liu Yuan, ‘Mao Zedong wei shenma yao dadao Liu Shaoqi’, quoted in Gao,
Zhou Enlai
, pp. 97–8. For a slightly different version from Liu’s wife, see Huang,
Wang Guangmei fangtan lu
, p. 288.
|
A Note on the Author