Read Mao's Great Famine Online
Authors: Frank Dikötter
| 12 | Guangdong, 20 Jan. 1961, 217-1-645, pp. 15–19. |
| 13 | Report at the Lushan conference, Gansu, Sept. 1961, 91-18-193, p. 82. |
| 14 | Gansu, 24 Oct. 1960, zhongfa (60) 865, 91-18-164, pp. 169–72. |
| 15 | Speech by Li Fuchun, Hunan, 20 Dec. 1961, 141-1-1931, pp. 154–5. |
| 16 | Shanghai, 28 July 1959, B258-1-431, pp. 4–5. |
| 17 | Wuhan, 15 May and 23 June 1959, 13-1-765, pp. 44–5 and 56. |
| 18 | Hunan, April 1960, 141-2-164, p. 82. |
| 19 | Guangdong, 5 July 1961, 307-1-186, pp. 47–52. |
| 20 | Sichuan, 22 and 24 March 1960, JC50-315. |
| 21 | Sichuan, Dec. 1961, JC50-325. |
| 22 | Beijing, 4 March and 7 Aug. 1959, 2-11-146, pp. 1–23. |
| 23 | Nanjing, 16 April 1959, 4003-1-279, p. 153. |
| 24 | Guangdong, 7 Jan. 1961, 217-1-643, pp. 110–15. |
| 25 | Sichuan, Feb. 1961, JC1-2576, pp. 41–2. |
| 26 | Guangdong, 10 Dec. 1960, 217-1-643, pp. 44–9. |
| 27 | Guangdong, 12 Dec. 1960, 217-1-643, pp. 33–43. |
| 28 | Hunan, 11 May 1961, 141-2-139, p. 61. |
| 29 | Hunan, 17 May 1961, 146-1-584, p. 26. |
| 30 | Sichuan, Aug. 1961, JC1-2584, p. 14. |
| 31 | Sichuan, 1962, JC44-1440, pp. 127–8. |
| 32 | Hubei, 18 Nov. 1960, SZ18-2-198, pp. 69–71. |
| 33 | Hunan, 4 Aug. 1962, 207-1-744, p. 9. |
| 34 | Li Heming, Paul Waley and Phil Rees, ‘Reservoir Resettlement in China: Past Experience and the Three Gorges Dam’, Geographical Journal , vol. 167, no. 3 (Sept. 2001), p. 197. |
| 35 | Guangdong, Oct. 1961, 217-1-113, pp. 58–61. |
| 36 | Hunan, 15 Dec. 1961 and 21 March 1962, 207-1-753, pp. 103–5 and 106–9. |
| 37 | Beijing, 25 April 1961, 2-13-39, pp. 1–14. |
| 38 | James L. Watson, ‘The Structure of Chinese Funerary Rites’, in James L. Watson and Evelyn S. Rawski (eds), Death Ritual in Late Imperial and Modern China , Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988. |
| 39 | Neibu cankao , 7 Dec. 1960, pp. 12–13. |
| 40 | Hunan, 14 Feb. 1958, 141-1-969, p. 19. |
| 41 | Interview with Wei Shu, born 1920s, Langzhong county, Sichuan, April 2006. |
| 42 | Beijing, 18 April 1959, 2-11-36, pp. 7–8 and 17–18. |
| 43 | Beijing, 14 Nov. 1958, 2-11-33, p. 3. |
| 44 | The report was sent to the provincial party committee in Hunan; Hunan, March 1959, 141-1-1322, pp. 108–10. |
Chapter 21: Nature
| 1 | Ferdinand P. W. von Richthofen, Baron Richthofen’s Letters, 1870–1872 , Shanghai: North-China Herald Office, 1903, p. 55, quoted in Dikötter, Exotic Commodities , p. 177. |
| 2 | I. T. Headland, Home Life in China , London: Methuen, 1914, p. 232, quoted in Dikötter, Exotic Commodities , p. 177. |
| 3 | Shapiro, Mao’s War against Nature , pp. 3–4. |
| 4 | Mao’s speech at Supreme State Conference on 28–30 Jan. 1958, Gansu, 91-18-495, p. 202. |
| 5 | Hunan, 13 April 1962, 207-1-750, pp. 1–10. |
| 6 | Hunan, 6 Oct. 1962, 207-1-750, pp. 44–9. |
| 7 | RGAE, Moscow, 7 Aug. 1959, 9493-1-1098, p. 29. |
| 8 | Hunan, 13 April 1962, 207-1-750, pp. 1–10. |
| 9 | Gansu, 17 Aug. 1962, zhongfa (62) 430, 91-18-250, p. 66. |
| 10 | Beijing, 3 March 1961, 2-13-51, pp. 7–8. |
| 11 | Beijing, 26 May 1961, 92-1-143, pp. 11–14. |
| 12 | Ibid. |
| 13 | Beijing, 3 March 1961, 2-13-51, pp. 7–8. |
| 14 | Hubei, SZ113-2-195, 12 Feb. and 1 Nov. 1961, pp. 8–10 and 28–31. |
| 15 | Gansu, 23 Oct. 1962, 91-18-250, p. 72. |
| 16 | Gansu, 31 Oct. 1962, 91-18-250, p. 83. |
| 17 | Guangdong, 10 May 1961, 217-1-210, pp. 88–9. |
| 18 | Nanjing, 25 Dec. 1958, 4003-1-150, p. 73. |
| 19 | Beijing, 26 May 1961, 92-1-143, pp. 11–14. |
| 20 | Gansu, 17 Aug. 1962, zhongfa (62) 430, 91-18-250, p. 69. |
| 21 | Hubei, 10 March 1961, SZ113-2-195, pp. 2–3. |
| 22 | Hunan, 28 Nov. 1961, 163-1-1109, pp. 138–47. |
| 23 | Gansu, 31 Oct. 1962, 91-18-250, p. 83. |
| 24 | Hunan, 18 Nov. 1961, 163-1-1109, p. 60. |
| 25 | Gansu, 17 Aug. 1962, 91-18-250, p. 65. |
| 26 | For estimates based on published sources, see Shapiro, Mao’s War against Nature , p. 82. |
| 27 | Gansu, 17 Aug. 1962, 91-18-250, p. 68. |
| 28 | Gansu, 31 Oct. 1962, 91-18-250, p. 82. |
| 29 | Hunan, 6 Oct. 1962, 207-1-750, pp. 44–9. |
| 30 | Guangdong report on forests, 21 Sept. 1962, Hunan, 141-2-163, p. 50. |
| 31 | Yu Xiguang, Dayuejin ku rizi: Shangshuji (The Great Leap Forward and the years of bitterness: A collection of memorials), Hong Kong: Shidai chaoliu chubanshe, 2005, p. 8; to give a sense of proportion, by some estimates the forest cover stood at 83 million hectares in 1949; see Vaclav Smil, The Bad Earth: Environmental Degradation in China , Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1984, p. 23. |
| 32 | Beijing, 15 Sept. 1959, 2-11-63, pp. 31–6 and 48–52. |
| 33 | One of the earliest descriptions is by Tan Zhenlin in a telephone conference on the summer crop; see Gansu, 26 June 1959, 92-28-513, pp. 14–15. |
| 34 | Y. Y. Kueh, Agricultural Instability in China, 1931–1991 , Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995, examined metereological data and concluded that bad weather did contribute to a reduction in crop production but that similar weather conditions in the past did not have the same effect. |
| 35 | Beijing, 7 May 1960, 2-12-25, pp. 3–6. |
| 36 | Beijing, 8 Sept. 1962, 96-2-22, pp. 15–18. |
| 37 | Hebei, 15 Aug. 1961, 878-1-6, pp. 31–44. |
| 38 | Report by Hu Yaobang on 1 Oct. 1961, Hunan, 141-2-138, pp. 186–9. |
| 39 | Hunan, 13 April 1962, 207-1-750, pp. 1–10. |
| 40 | Hunan, 6 Oct. 1962, 207-1-750, pp. 44–9. |
| 41 | Hunan, 4 Aug. 1962, 207-1-744, pp. 1–12. |
| 42 | Hunan, 6 Oct. 1962, 207-1-750, pp. 44–9. |
| 43 | Hunan, 13 and 15 May 1961, 146-1-584, pp. 13 and 18. |
| 44 | Hunan, 24 April 1961, 146-1-583, p. 108; large reservoirs were defined by Beijing as having a capacity of over 100 million cubic metres, medium ones ranging from 10 to 100 million cubic metres and small ones having less than 10 million cubic metres. |
| 45 | Hunan, 4 Aug. 1962, 207-1-744, pp. 1–12. |
| 46 | Hunan, 7 Jan. 1962, 207-1-743, pp. 85–105. |
| 47 | Hunan, 1 Dec. 1961, 163-1-1109, p. 101. |
| 48 | Hubei, 12 Sept. 1959, SZ18-2-197, pp. 39–43. |
| 49 | Hubei, 1 Aug. 1959, SZ113-1-209, p. 3. |
| 50 | Hubei, 27 March 1961, SZ18-2-201. |
| 51 | Hubei, 18 March and 9 June 1961, SZ113-1-26, pp. 1–3 and 12–14. |
| 52 | Hubei, 14 April 1962, SZ113-2-213, p. 25. |
| 53 | Hunan, 1964, 187-1-1355, p. 64. |
| 54 | Guangdong, Dec. 1960, 266-1-74, pp. 105–18. |
| 55 | Report by Ministry of Water Conservancy and Hydraulic Electricity, 27 July 1960, Hunan, 141-1-1709, p. 277. |
| 56 | Guangdong, Dec. 1960, 266-1-74, p. 117. |
| 57 | Yi, ‘World’s Most Catastrophic Dam Failures’, pp. 25–38. |
| 58 | Shui, ‘Profile of Dams in China’, p. 23. |
| 59 | As reported by the secretary of the south-central region Li Yiqing; Hunan, 11 Aug. 1961, 186-1-584, p. 134. |