It Starts With Food: Discover the Whole30 and Change Your Life in Unexpected Ways (43 page)

Intestinal permeability: Vishnudutt
Purohit
,
et al. Alcohol, intestinal bacterial growth, intestinal permeability to endotoxin, and medical consequences: Summary of a symposium.
Alcohol
Aug 2008;(42)5:349-361

Impairs cellular immunity: Szabo Gyongyi. Consequences of alcohol consumption on host defence.
Alcohol and Alcoholism
1999;
34
(6):
830-841

Pro-oxidative: Brocardo PS, Gil-Mohapel J, Christie BR. The role of oxidative stress in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.
Brain Res Rev
24 Jun 2011;67(1-2):209-25

Resveratrol: Kahn, Amina. “Resveratrol researcher faked data, report says; what drives academic fraud?”
articles.latimes.com
, Los Angeles Times. January 12, 2012. Web.

160 micrograms: Sanders T H, McMichael R W. “Occurrence of resveratrol in edible peanuts.” American Oil Chemists Society, Las Vegas, Nevada, 1998. Presentation.

60 liters: “Red wine and resveratrol: Good for your heart?”
mayoclinic.com,
The Mayo Clinic. March 4 2011. Web.

CHAPTER 9: SEED OILS

Specifically from these seed oils: Ikemoto S, Takahashi M, Tsunoda N, Maruyama K, Itakura H, Ezaki O. High-fat diet-induced hyperglycemia and obesity in mice: differential effects of dietary oils.
Metabolism
Dec 1996;45(12):1539-46

Jen KL, Buison A, Pellizzon M, Ordiz Jr. F, Santa Ana L, Brown J. Differential effects of fatty acids and exercise on body weight regulation and metabolism in female Wistar rats.
Exp Biol Med (Maywood)
Jul 2003;228(7):843-9

Simopoulos, Artemis P. Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Inflammation and Autoimmune Diseases.
Am J Clin Nutr
2002;21(6):495–505

EPA and DHA: Calder Phillip C. n–3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, and inflammatory diseases.
Am J Clin Nutr
Jun 2006;
83(
6):
S1505-1519S

10% of total calories: Gupta Sanjay. “If we are what we eat, Americans are corn and soy.”
cnn.com,
CNN Health. September 22, 2007. Web.

PUFA intake from seed oils: Simopoulos A P, The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids.
Biomed Pharmacother
Oct 2002;56(8):365-379

Simopoulos Artemis P, Cleland Leslie G.
Omega-6/Omega-3 Essential Fatty Acid Ratio: The Scientific Evidence (World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics).
Basel: Karger, 2003.

Simopoulos, Artemis. Evolutionary Aspects of Diet: The Omega-6/Omega-3 Ratio and the Brain.
Mol Neurobiol
1 Oct 2011;44(2)203-215

Most of the diseases of modern civilization: Gupta Sanjay. “If we are what we eat, Americans are corn and soy.”
CNN.com.
CNN Health,
September 22, 2007
. Web.

Blasbalg T L, Hibbeln J R, Ramsden C E, Majchrzak S F, Rawlings R R. Changes in consumption of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in the United States during the 20th century.
Am J Clin Nutr
May 2011;93(5):950-62

Simopoulos A P. The importance of the omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio in cardiovascular disease and other chronic diseases.
Exp Biol Med (Maywood)
Jun 2008;233(6):674-88

Ramsden C E, et al. n–6 fatty acid-specific and mixed polyunsaturate dietary interventions have different effects on CHD risk: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.
Br J Nutr
2010;
104(11)
:1586–1600

Russo G L. Dietary n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: from biochemistry to clinical implications in cardiovascular prevention.
Biochem Pharmacol
15 Mar 2009;77(6):937-46

Free radicals: Aruoma, Okezie I. Free Radicals, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants in Human Health and Disease.
JAOCS
. 1998;75(2):199-212

Ames B N, Shigenaga M K, Hagen T M. Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging.
PNAS
Sep 1993;90(17)7915-7922

Tuppo and Forman. Free radical oxidative damage and Alzheimer’s disease.
JAOA
Dec 2001;101(12)S11-S15

Touyz Rhian M. Reactive Oxygen Species, Vascular Oxidative Stress, and Redox Signaling in Hypertension.
Hypertension
2004; 44:248-252

Dreher D, Junod A F. Role of oxygen free radica
ls in cancer development.
Eur J Canc
Jan 1996;32(1):30-38

Supplemented antioxidants: Melton, Lisa. “The antioxidant myth: a medical fairy tale.”
New Scientist
August 5, 2006:40-43. Print

Oxidized PUFA health risk: Esterbauer, H. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of lipid-oxidation products.
Am J Clin Nutr
May 1993;57(5):779S-785S

Hayam Israela, Cogan Uri, Mokady Shoshana. Dietary oxidized oil and the activity of antioxidant enzymes and lipoprotein peroxidation in rats.
Nutrition Research
Jul 1995;15(7):1037-1044

Kanazawa K, Ashida H, Minamoto S, Natake M. The effect of orally administered secondary autoxidation products of linoleic acid on the activity of detoxifying enzymes in the rat liver.
Biochim Biophys Acta
24 Oct 1986;879(1):36-43

Kanazawa Kazuki. Tissue injury induced by dietary products of lipid peroxidation.
Free Radicals Antioxid Nutr
1993;383-99

Reflected in the makeup of our cell walls: Baylin A, Kabagambe E K, Siles X, Campos H. Adipose tissue biomarkers of fatty acid intake.
Am J Clin Nutr
Oct 2002;76(4):750-7

Dayton S, Hashimoto S, Dixon W, Pearce M L. Composition of lipids in human serum and adipose tissue during prolonged feeding of a diet high in unsaturated fat.
J Lipid Res
Jan 1966;7(1):103-11

High levels of Omega-6: Simopoulos A P, The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids.
Biomed Pharmacother
Oct 2002;56(8):365-379

Weaver Kelly L, Ivester Priscilla, Seeds Michael, Arm Jonathan P, Chilton Floyd H. Effect of Dietary Fatty Acids on Inflammatory Gene Expression in Healthy Humans.
J Biol Chem
5 Jun 2009; 284(23):15400–15407

Staprans I, Rapp J H, Pan X M, Kim K Y, Feingold K R.
Oxidized lipids in the diet are a source of oxidized lipid in chylomicrons of human serum.
Arterioscl Throm Vas
1994;
14:
1900-1905

Massiera, et al.
A Western-like fat diet is sufficient to induce a gradual enhancement in fat mass over generations
.
Journal Lipid Res
2010;51(8):2352

CHAPTER 10: GRAINS AND LEGUMES

Whole grains: “Draft Guidance: Whole Grain Label Statements.”
fda.gov
, U.S. Food and Drug Administration. February 17, 2006. Web.

Good Day vs. Bad Day: Nutritional analysis performed in FoodWorks, Version 13.

Dietary fiber in foods: Reprinted with express permission by Jennifer Anderson Ph.D., R.D., Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University. Anderson J, Perryman S, Young L, Prior S. “Dietary Fiber.”
ext.colostate.edu,
Colorado State University. December 2010. Web.

Phytic acid: Cordain Loren. Cereal grains: humanity’s double-edged sword.
World Rev Nutr
Diet
1999;84:19-73

Munir Cheryana, Rackisb Joseph J. Phytic acid interactions in food systems.
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr
1980;13(4):297-335

Torrea M, Rodrigueza A R, Saura‐Calixtob F. Effects of dietary fiber and phytic acid on mineral availability.
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr
1991;30(1):1-22

Schlemmer Ulrich, Frølich Wenche, Prieto Rafel M, Grases Felix. Phytate in foods and significance for humans: Food sources, intake, processing, bioavailability, protective role and analysis.
Mol Nut Food Res
2009;53:S330 –S375

Hallberg L, Rossander L, Skånberg A B.  Phytates and the inhibitory effect of bran on iron absorption in man.
Am J Clin Nutr
May 1987;45(5):988-96

Meta-analysis: Kelly S A M, Summerbell C D, Brynes A, Whittaker V, Frost G. Wholegrain cereals for coronary heart disease (Review).
The Cochrane Library
2009;1:1-61

Whole grain labeling: “Draft Guidance: Whole Grain Label Statements.”
fda.gov
, U.S. Food and Drug Administration. February 17, 2006. Web.

Whole Grains Council: “Government Guidance.”
wholegrainscouncil.org
, Whole Grains Counsel. n.d. Web.

Gluten: Shewry Peter R, Halford Nigel G, Belton Peter S, Tatham Arthur S. The structure and properties of gluten: an elastic protein from wheat grain.
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci
28 Feb 2002;357(1418):133–142

Biesiekierski J R, Newnham E D, Irving P M, Barrett J S, Haines M, Doecke J D, Shepherd S J, Muir J G, Gibson P R. Gluten causes gastrointestinal symptoms in subjects without celiac disease: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial.
Am J Gastroenterol
Mar 2011;106(3):508-14

Visser J, Rozing J, Sapone A et al. Tight junctions, Intestinal permeability and Autoimmunity.
Ann NY Acad Sci
2009;1165:195-205

Shan L, Qiao SW, Arentz-Hansen H, et al. Identification and Analysis of Multivalent Proteolytically Resistant Peptides from Gluten: Implications for Celiac Sprue.
J Proteome Res
2005;4(5):1732–1741

Drago S, Asmar R, Di Pierro M, et al. Gliadin, zonulin and gut permeability: Effects on celiac and non-celiac intestinal mucosa and intestinal cell lines.
Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology
2006; 41:408/419

Problematic proteins: Gálová Zdenka, Palenčárová Eva, Chňapek Milan, Balážová Želmíra. Gastro-intestinal digestion of wheat celiac active proteins.
JMBFS
Feb 2012;1:601-609

Battais F, Richard C, Jacquenet S, Denery-Papini S, Moneret-Vautrin D A. Wheat grain allergies: an update on wheat allergens.
Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol
2008;40(3):67-76

Visser J et al. Tight junctions, intestinal permeability, and autoimmunity: celiac disease and type 1 diabetes paradigms.
Ann N Y Acad Sci
May 2009;1165:195-205

Dieterich W et al. Cross linking to tissue transglutaminase and collagen favours gliadin toxicity in coeliac disease.
Gut
Apr 2006;55(4):478-84

Fasano A, et al. Gliadin, zonulin and gut permeability: Effects on celiac and non-celiac intestinal mucosa and intestinal cell lines.
Scand J Gastroenterol
Apr 2006;41(4):408-19

Alaedini A et al. Immune cross-reactivity in celiac disease: anti-gliadin antibodies bind to neuronal synapsin I.
J Immunol
15 May 2007 15;178(10):6590-5

Alaedini A, Green PH. Autoantibodies in celiac disease.
Autoimmunity
Feb 2008;41(1):19-26

Shaoul R, Lerner A.  Associated autoantibodies in celiac disease.
Autoimmun Rev
Sep 2007;6(8):559-65

Simonato Barbara, Pasini Gabriella, Giannattasio Matteo, Peruffo Angelo D B, De Lazzari Franca, Curioni Andrea. Food Allergy to Wheat Products: The Effect of Bread Baking and in Vitro Digestion on Wheat Allergenic Proteins. A Study with Bread Dough, Crumb, and Crust.
J Agric Food Chem
2001
;
49
(11):5668–5673

Celiac disease: Used with express permission of The Celiac Disease Foundation. “What Happens With Celiac Disease.”
celiac.org
, The Celiac Disease Foundation. n.d. Web.

Gluten sensitivity: Fasano Alessio, et al. Divergence of gut permeability and mucosal immune gene expression in two gluten-associated conditions: celiac disease and gluten sensitivity.
BMC Medicine
2011;9:23

Soaking, sprouting, fermenting: Haard Normal F, et al. “Fermented cereals. A global perspective.”
fao.org
, FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin, No. 138. 1999. Web.

Egli I, Davidsson L, Juillerat M A, Barclay D, Hurrell R F. The Influence of Soaking and Germination on the Phytase Activity and Phytic Acid Content of Grains and Seeds Potentially Useful for Complementary Feedin.
J Food Sci
Nov 2002;67(9):3484–3488

Ruiz R G, Price K, Rose M, Rhodes M, Fenwick R. A preliminary study on the effect of germination on saponin content and composition of lentils and chickpeas.
Z Lebensm Unters Forsch
1996;203:366-369

Ruiz R G, Price K R, Arthur A E, Rose M E, Rhodes M J, Fenwick R G. Effect of soaking and cooking on the saponin content and composition of chickpeas (Cicer arietinum) and lentils (Lens culinaris).
J Agric Food Chem
1996;44:1526-1530

FODMAPs: Levitt M D, Hirsh P, Fetzer C A, Sheahan M, Levine A S. H2 excretion after ingestion of complex carbohydrates.
Gastroenterology
Feb 1987;92(2):383-9

Gibson P R, Shepherd S J. Personal view: food for thought—western lifestyle and susceptibility to Crohn’s disease. The FODMAP hypothesis.
Aliment Pharmacol Ther
2005;21:1399–409

Clausen M R, Jorgensen J, Mortensen P B. Comparison of diarrhea induced by ingestion of fructooligosaccharide Idolax and disaccharide lactulose: role of osmolarity versus fermentation of malabsorbed carbohydrate.
Dig Dis Sci
1998;43:2696–707

Rumessen J J, Gudmand-Hoyer E. Fructans of chicory: intestinal transport and fermentation of different chain lengths and relation to fructose and sorbitol malabsorption.
Am J Clin Nutr
1998;68:357–64

Davidson M H, Maki K C. Effects of dietary inulin on serum lipids.
J Nutr
1999;129:1474S–14747S

Pedersen A, Sandstrom B, van Amelsvoort J M M. The effect of ingestion of inulin on blood lipids and gastrointestinal symptoms in healthy females.
Br J Nutr
1997;78:215–22

Nilsson U, Dahlqvist A. Cereal fructosans: Part 2—characterisation and structure of wheat fructosans.
Food Chem
1986;22:95–106