It Starts With Food: Discover the Whole30 and Change Your Life in Unexpected Ways (42 page)

Rossetti L, Giaccari A, DeFronzo RA. Glucose toxicity.
Diabetes Care
1990;13:610-630

Clear risk factor:
Fahim Abbasi, Byron William Brown Jr, Cindy Lamendola, Tracey McLaughlin, Gerald M Reaven. Relationship between obesity, insulin resistance, and coronary heart disease risk.
J Am Coll Cardiol
4 Sep 2002;40(5):937-943

Zunker Peter, Schick Achim, Buschmann Hans-Christian, Georgiadis Dimitrios, Nabavi Darius G., Edelmann Michael, Ringelstein E. Bernd. Hyperinsulinism and Cerebral Microangiopathy.
Stroke
1996;27:219-223

Luchsinger J A. Adiposity, hyperinsulinemia, diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease: an epidemiological perspective.
Eur J Pharmacol
6 May 2008;585(1):119-29

Too far in the other direction: Hofeldt Fred, Dippe Stephen, Forsham Peter. Diagnosis and classification of reactive hypoglycemia based on hormonal changes in response to oral and intravenous glucose administration.
Am J Clin Nutr
Nov 1972;25(11):1193-1201

Must. Eat. Sugar: Page Kathleen, et al. Circulating glucose levels modulate neural control of desire for high-calorie foods in humans.
J Clin Invest
2011;121(10):4161-4169

When insulin levels are elevated: Paulev Poul-Erik, Zubieta-Calleja Gustavo. New Human Physiology, 2nd Edition.
zuniv.net
,
Zubieta University Library
. Web.

Bansal Pritpal, Wang Qinghua. Insulin as a physiological modulator of glucagon secretion.
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab
2008;295:E751-E761

Impairs glucose uptake | Inhibits insulin secretion: Andrews Robert C, Walker Brian R. Glucocorticoids and insulin resistance: old hormones, new targets.
Clinical Science
1999;96:513-523

Stress-related overeating: Dallman Mary F, Pecoraro Norman C, la Fleur Susanne E. Chronic stress and comfort foods: self-medication and abdominal obesity
Brain Behav Immun
Jul 2005;19(4):275-280

Preferentially directs body fat: Talbott Shawn.
The Cortisol Connection
. Alameda: Hunter House, 2007. Print.

Epel E S, McEwen B, Seeman T, Matthews K, Castellazzo G, Brownell K D, Bell J, Ickovics J R. Stress and body shape: stress-induced cortisol secretion is consistently greater among women with central fat.
Psychosom Med
Sep-Oct 2000;62(5):623-32

Fraser Robert, Ingram Mary C, Anderson Niall H, Morrison Caroline, Davies Eleanor, Connell John M C. Cortisol Effects on Body Mass, Blood Pressure, and Cholesterol in the General Population.
Hypertension
1999;33:1364-1368

Peeke P M, Chrousos G P. Hypercortisolism and Obesity.
Ann NY Acad Sci
29 Dec 1995;771:665-76

Increased central obesity: Donahue Richard P, Bloom Ellen, Abbott Robert D, Reed Dwayném, Yano Katsuhiko. Central obesity and coronary heart disease in men.
Lancet
11 Apr 1987;329(8537):821-824

Brunzell John D, Hokanson John E. Dyslipidemia of Central Obesity and Insulin Resistance.
Diabetes Care
1999;22(Suppl 3):C10-3

Krotkiewski M, Björntorp P, Sjöström L, Smith U. Impact of obesity on metabolism in men and women: importance of regional adipose tissue distribution.
J Clin Invest
1983;72:1150-1162

Desprès J P, Moorjani S, Ferland M, Tremblay A, Lupien P J, Nadeau A, Pinault S, Theriault G, Bouchard C. Adipose tissue distribution and plasma lipoprotein levels in obese women, importance of intra-abdominal fat.
Arteriosclerosis
1989;9:203-210

Ashwell M, Cole T J, Dixon A K. Obesity: new insight into the anthropometric classification of fat distribution shown by computed tomography.
BMJ
1985;290:1692-1694

Terry R B, Wood P D S, Haskell W L, Stefanick M L, Krauss R M. Regional adiposity patterns in relation to lipids, lipoprotein cholesterol, and lipoprotein subfraction mass in men.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab
1989;68:191-199

Welborn T A. Preferred clinical measures of central obesity for predicting mortality.
Eur J Clin Nutr
2007;61:1373-1379

Normal thyroid function: Lee, John R.
What Your Doctor May Not Tell You about Menopause: The Breakthrough Book on Natural Progesterone
. New York: Grand Central Publishing. 2004. eBook.

Talbott Shawn.
The Cortisol Connection
. Alameda: Hunter House, 2007. Print.

CHAPTER 6: THE GUTS OF THE MATTER

Sensor for satiety: Koopmans H S. Satiety signals from the gastrointestinal tract.
Am J Clin Nutr
Nov 1985;42(5):1044-1049

Tennis court: Bowen R. Gross and Microscopic Anatomy of the Small Intestine.
vivo.colostate.edu
, Colorado State University Biomedical Hypertexts. April 18, 2000. Web.

70% - 80% of your immune system: Furness John B, Kunzel Wolfgang A A, Clerc Nadine. The intestine as a sensory organ: neural, endocrine, and immune responses.
AJP-GI
Nov 1999;299(5):G922-G928

Leaky gut: Arrieta M C, Bistritz L, Meddings J B. Alterations in intestinal permeability.
Gut
2006;55(10):1512–20

Liu Z, Li N, Neu J. Tight junctions, leaky intestines, and pediatric diseases.
Acta Paediatr
Apr 2005;94(4):386–93

Laukoetter M G, Nava P, Nusrat A. Role of the intestinal barrier in inflammatory bowel disease.
World J Gastroenterol
Jan 2008;14(3):401-7

Shen L, Turner J R. Role of epithelial cells in initiation and propagation of intestinal inflammation. Eliminating the static: tight junction dynamics exposed.
Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol
Apr 2006;290(4):G577-82

Fasano A, Shea-Donohue T. Mechanisms of disease: the role of intestinal barrier function in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal autoimmune diseases.
Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol
Sep 2005;2(9):416-22

Berkes J, Viswanathan V K, Savkovic S D, Hecht G. Intestinal epithelial responses to enteric pathogens: effects on the tight junction barrier, ion transport, and inflammation.
Gut
Mar 2003;52(3):439-51

Alliance with gut bacteria: Mazmanian Sarkis K, Liu Cui Hua, Tzianabos Arthur O, Kasper Dennis L. An immunomodulatory molecule of symbiotic bacteria directs maturation of the host immune system.
Cell
15 Jul 2005;122(1):107-118

Kelly Denise, Conway Shaun, Aminov Rustam. Commensal gut bacteria: mechanisms of immune modulation.
Trends in Immunology
Jun 2005;26(6):326-333

Intestinal inflammatory diseases: Oriishi T, Sata M, Toyonaga A, Sasaki E, Tanikawa K. Evaluation of intestinal permeability in patients with inflammatory bowel disease using lactulose and measuring antibodies to lipid A.
Gut
Jun 1995;36(6):891–896

Welcker K, Martin A, Kölle P, Siebeck M, Gross M.
Increased intestinal permeability in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Eur J Med Res
2004;9:456-460

Chronic diseases: Anja Sandek, et al. Altered intestinal function in patients with chronic heart failure.
J Am Coll Cardiol
Oct 2007; 50(16);1561-1569

Pradhan Aruna D, Manson JoAnn E, Rifai Nader, et al. C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, and risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus.
JAMA
2001;286(3):327-334

Cani Patrice D, et al.
Metabolic endotoxemia initiates obesity and insulin resistance.
Diabetes
Jul 2007;56(
7):
1761-1772

Arrieta, M C, L Bistritz, J B Meddings. Alterations in intestinal permeability.
Gut
2006;
55
:
1512-1520

Hypersensitivities: Forbes Elizabeth E et al.
IL-9– and mast cell–mediated intestinal permeability predisposes to oral antigen hypersensitivity.
J Exp Med
14 Apr
2008;
205
(4)
:897–913

Ventura M T, Polimeno L, Amoruso A C, Gatti F, Annoscia E, Marinaro M, Di Leo E, Matino M G, Buquicchio R, Bonini S, Tursi A, Francavilla A. Intestinal permeability in patients with adverse reactions to food.
Digest Liv Dis
Oct 2006;38(10):732-736

Autoimmune conditions: Fasano A, Shea-Donohue T. Mechanisms of disease: the role of intestinal barrier function in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal autoimmune diseases.
Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol
Sep 2005;2(9):416-22

Fasano Alessio. Leaky Gut and Autoimmune Diseases. Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology.
Nature
Sep 2005;2(9):416-422

Visser J, Rozing J, Sapone A, Lammers K, Fasano A. Tight Junctions, Intestinal Permeability, and Autoimmunity.
Ann NY Acad Sci
2009;1165:195–205

Bosi E, Molteni L, Radaelli M G, Folini L, Fermo I, Bazzigaluppi E, Piemonti L, Pastore M R, Paroni R. Increased intestinal permeability precedes clinical onset of type 1 diabetes.
Diabetologia
2006;49(12):2824-2827

Deposition of visceral fat: Lam Yan Y, et al. Role of the Gut in Visceral Fat Inflammation and Metabolic Disorders.
Obesity
2011;19(11):2113-2120

Gummesson A, et al. Intestinal permeability is associated with visceral adiposity in healthy women.
Obesity
2011;19(11):2280-2

CHAPTER 7: INFLAMMATION: NO ONE IS IMMUNE

Heart attack, cancer and diabetes:
Espinola-Klein C, Gori T, Blankenberg S, Munzel T. Inflammatory markers and cardiovascular risk in the metabolic syndrome.
Front Biosci
2011;
16
:1663–1674

Antigens:
Holgersson Jan, Gustafsson Anki, Breimer Michael E. Characteristics of protein–carbohydrate interactions as a basis for developing novel carbohydrate-based antirejection therapies.
Immunol Cell Biol
2005;83:694–708

Metabolic Syndrome: “What is Metabolic Syndrome?”
nhlbi.nih.gov,
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. November 3, 2011. Web.

Inflammation contributes directly:
Espinola-Klein C, Gori T, Blankenberg S, Munzel T. Inflammatory markers and cardiovascular risk in the metabolic syndrome.
Front Biosci
2011;
16
:1663–1674

Rocha Viviane Z, Libby Peter.
Obesity, inflammation, and atherosclerosis.
NatRev Cardiol
Jun 2009;
6
:3
99-409

Haffner Steven M. The Metabolic Syndrome: Inflammation, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease.
Am Jour Cardiol
Jan 2006;97(2)Supp 1:3-11

Ridker Paul, Wilson Peter W F, Grundy Scott. Should C-reactive protein be added to metabolic syndrome and to assessment of global cardiovascular risk?
Circulation
2004
;
109:
2818-2825

Cirillo Pietro, Sautin Yuri Y, Kanellis John, Kang Duk-Hee, Gesualdo Loreto, Nakagawa Takahiko, Johnson Richard J. Systemic inflammation, metabolic syndrome and progressive renal disease.
Nephrol Dial Transplant
2009;
24
(5):
1384-1387

Adipose tissue: Wisse Brent E. The inflammatory syndrome: the role of adipose tissue cytokines in metabolic disorders linked to obesity.
J Am Soc Nephrol
2004;15(11):2792-2800

Wajchenberg Bernardo Léo, Nery Marcia, Cunha Maria Rosaria, Silva Maria Elizabeth Rossi da. Adipose tissue at the crossroads in the development of the metabolic syndrome, inflammation and atherosclerosis.
Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab
Mar 2009; 53(2):145-150

Wellen Kathryn E, Hotamisligil Gökhan S. Obesity-induced inflammatory changes in adipose tissue.
J Clin Invest
2003;112(12):1785–1788

Lam, Yan Y, et al. Role of the gut in visceral fat inflammation and metabolic disorders.
Obesity
2011;19(11):2113-2120

Belly fat: Berg Anders H, Scherer Philipp E. Adipose Tissue, Inflammation, and Cardiovascular Disease.
Circulation Research
2005;
96:
939-949

CHAPTER 8: SUGAR, SWEETENERS, AND ALCOHOL

Health destroyer: Gucciardi, Anthony. “Experts agree - Sugar is a health destroyer.”
naturalnews.com,
Natural News. May 09, 2011. Web.

Sugar is addictive: Katz, David. “Sugar
Isn’t
Evil: A Rebuttal.”
huffingtonpost.com.
The Huffington Post Internet Newspaper. April 18, 2011. Web.

Artificial sweeteners compared to sugar: Artificial Sweeteners: No Calories… Sweet!
FDA Consum
Jul-Aug 2006;40(4):27-8

Leptin and taste buds: Kawai K, Sugimoto K, Nakashima K, Miura H, Ninomiya Y. Leptin as a modulator of sweet taste sensitivities in mice.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
26 Sep 2000;97(20):11044-9

Splenda and gut bacteria: Abou-Donia M B, El-Masry E M, Abdel-Rahman A A, McLendon R E, Schiffman S S. Splenda alters gut microflora and increases intestinal p-glycoprotein and cytochrome p-450 in male rats.
J Toxicol Environ Health
A
2008;71(21):1415-29

Clinical definition of addiction: Per the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV)

Temporary hypoglycemia: O’Keefe S J, Marks V. Lunchtime gin and tonic a cause of reactive hypoglycemia.
Lancet
1977;1(8025):1286-1288

Huang Zhen, Sjöholm Åke. Ethanol acutely stimulates islet blood flow, amplifies insulin secretion, and induces hypoglycemia via NO and vagally mediated mechanisms.
Endocrinology
2008;149:232-236