Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years (185 page)

85
A. Sinyavsky,
Ivan the Fool. Russian Folk Belief: A Cultural History
(Moscow, 2007), 306.

86
Ibid., 369-78, 310-13.

87
Binns, 113.

PART VI: WESTERN CHRISTIANITY DISMEMBERED (1300-1800)

16: Perspectives on the True Church (1300-1517)

1
O. J. Benedictow,
The Black Death, 1346-1353: The Complete History
(Woodbridge, 2004), 51-4, 149.

2
I. Grainger et al. (eds.),
The Black Death Cemetery, East Smithfield
(London, 2008), 25-7. To add to those the 12-25 age cohort of those identifiable by age brings the figure to 52 per cent of all burials, including those not identifiable by age.

3
G. Dickson, 'Revivalism as a Medieval Religious Genre',
JEH
, 51 (2000), 473-96, at 482-5.

4
S. K. Cohn Jr, 'The Black Death and the Burning of Jews',
PP
, 196 (August 2007), 3-36, at 36.

5
N. Largier,
In Praise of the Whip: A Cultural History of Arousal
(New York, 2007), 156-57. See also N. Cohn,
The Pursuit of the Millennium: Revolutionary Millenarians and Mystical Anarchists of the Middle Ages
(London, 1970), 131-41.

6
J. R. Banker,
Death in the Community: Memorialization and Confraternities in an Italian Commune in the Late Middle Ages
(Athens, GA, 1988), 8, 36, 173, 183-5.

7
N. Vincent,
The Holy Blood: King Henry III and the Westminster Blood Relic
(Cambridge, 2001), esp. 186-201. For further comment on the controversy, see MacCulloch, 19.

8
C. W. Bynum, 'Bleeding Hosts and Their Contact Relics in Late Medieval Northern Germany',
Medieval History Journal
, 7 (2004), 227-41; on Paris in 1290 and its unfolding consequences, M. Rubin,
Gentile Tales: The Narrative Assault on Late Medieval Jews
(New Haven and London, 1999). See also H. Joldersma, 'Specific or Generic "Gentile Tale"? Sources on the Breslau Host Desecration (1453) Reconsidered',
ARG
, 95 (2004), 6-33, esp. 9-11. The specific incident discussed was associated with the star Franciscan preacher Giovanni da Capistrano: ibid., 15.

9
For discussion of the mutuality of the Purgatory industry, see MacCulloch, 12-13. The definitive study of indulgences is R. N. Swanson,
Indulgences in Late Medieval England: Passports to Paradise?
(Cambridge, 2007).

10
See text of
Unigenitus
: Bettenson (ed.), 182-3. For a rare example of surviving diocesan evidence for the system fully in action before the Black Death, see R. N. Swanson, 'Indulgences for Prayers for the Dead in the Diocese of Lincoln in the Early 14th Century',
JEH
, 52 (2001), 197-219.

11
NA (PRO), E.135/6.56;
RSTC
, 14077c.106.

12
W. D. J. Cargill Thompson, 'Seeing the Reformation in Medieval Perspective',
JEH
, 25 (1974), 297-307, at 301.

13
S. K. Cohn Jr, 'The Place of the Dead in Flanders and Tuscany: Towards a Comparative History of the Black Death', in B. Gordon and P. Marshall (eds.),
The Place of the Dead: Death and Remembrance in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe
(Cambridge, 2000), 14; Pettegree (ed., 2002), 17-43, at 23; J. D. Tracy,
Europe's Reformations 1450-1650
(Lanham, 2000), 42; H. Kamen,
The Phoenix and the Flame: Catalonia and the Counter-Reformation
(New Haven and London, 1993), 11-12, 19-21, 82-3, 127-9, 168-9, 194-5. On the rosary, see MacCulloch, 329, 331.

14
A. T. Thayer, 'Judge and Doctor: Images of the Confessor in Printed Model Sermon Collections, 1450-1520', in K. J. Lualdi and A. T. Thayer (eds.),
Penitence in the Age of Reformations
(Aldershot, 2000), 10-29, at 11-18; I have drawn my own conclusion from this data.

15
A good discussion of this theme and what follows is B. McGinn, 'Angel Pope and Papal Antichrist',
CH
, 47 (1978), 155-73.

16
Ockham, I
Dialogus
c. 20, 459, qu. T. Shogimen, 'From Disobedience to Toleration: William of Ockham and the Medieval Discourse on Fraternal Correction',
JEH
, 52 (2001) 599-622, at 612n (my translation).

17
McClelland, 130, 135-9; S. Lockwood, 'Marsilius of Padua and the Case for the Royal Ecclesiastical Supremacy',
TRHS
, 6th ser., 1 (1991), 89-121.

18
D. Williman, 'Schism within the Church: The Twin Papal Elections of 1378',
JEH
, 59 (2008), 29-47.

19
Bettenson (ed.), 135; translation slightly adapted.

20
For further examples, see MacCulloch, 33-4.

21
G. H. M. Posthumus Meyjes,
Jean Gerson, Apostle of Unity: His Church Politics and Ecclesiology
(Leiden, 1999); M. Rubin, 'Europe Remade: Purity and Danger in Late Medieval Europe',
TRHS
, 6th ser., 11 (2001), 101-24, at 107, 111.

22
Koschorke et al. (eds.), 13-14.

23
A fine life is C. Shaw,
Julius II: The Warrior Pope
(Oxford, 1993).

24
D. S. Chambers,
Popes, Cardinals and War: The Military Church in Renaissance and Early Modern Europe
(London, 2006), 42.

25
A fine discussion of the primer is E. Duffy,
Marking the Hours: English People and Their Prayers, 1240-1570
(New Haven and London, 2006); on printed primers, see ibid., 121-46. See also V. Reinburg, 'Liturgy and the Laity in Late Medieval and Reformation France',
SCJ
, 23 (1992), 526-64; C. Richmond, 'Religion and the Fifteenth-century English Gentleman', in R. B. Dobson (ed.),
The Church, Politics and Patronage
(Gloucester, 1984), 193-208: a comment of 1559 from England echoes Richmond's argument, NA (PRO), STAC 5 U3/34, Answer of William Siday.

26
Rubin, 'Europe Remade', at 106.

27
G. R. Evans,
John Wyclif: Myth and Reality
(Oxford, 2005), esp. 139-47, 153-7; K. B. McFarlane,
John Wycliffe and the Beginnings of English Non-conformity
(London, 1952), 60 - 69.

28
D. G. Denery, 'From Sacred Mystery to Divine Deception: Robert Holkot, John Wyclif and the Transformation of Fourteenth-century Eucharistic Discourse',
JRH
, 29 (2005), 129-44, esp. 132.

29
For a useful sketch of suggestive links between Wyclif's Oxford followers and later Lollards, links which some modern scholarship has regarded with scepticism, see M. Jurkowski, 'Heresy and Factionalism at Merton College in the Early Fifteenth Century',
JEH
, 48 (1997), 658-81.

30
M. Dove,
The First English Bible: The Text and Context of the Wycliffite Versions
(Cambridge, 2007), 53-8; R. Rex,
The Lollards
(Basingstoke, 2002), 75-6. For a further example of John Clopton, a wealthy and highly traditionalist East Anglian gentleman, bequeathing an English Bible to the Archdeacon of Suffolk in his will in 1496, see NA (PRO), Prerogative Court of Canterbury Wills (PROB 11), 17 Horne.

31
B. Cottret,
Calvin: A Biography
(Grand Rapids and Edinburgh, 2000), 93-4.

32
R. M. Ball, 'The Opponents of Bishop Pecock',
JEH
, 48 (1997), 230-62.

33
The best summary account is still A. Hope, 'Lollardy: The Stone the Builders Rejected?', in P. Lake and M. Dowling (eds.),
Protestantism and the National Church in 16th Century England
(London, 1987), 1-35.

34
H. Kaminsky,
A History of the Hussite Revolution
(Berkeley, 1967), 292-4.

35
For discussion of this European-wide phenomenon, see MacCulloch, 43-52.

36
E. Rummel,
The Confessionalization of Humanism in Reformation Germany
(Oxford, 2000), 10.

37
R. Rex, 'The New Learning',
JEH
, 44 (1993), 26-44.

38
The phrase, applied specifically to the city of Rome, is Stephen Wolohojian's: see
SCJ
, 31 (2000), 1117.

39
H. Baron,
The Crisis of the Early Italian Renaissance
(2 vols., Princeton, 1955).

40
M. Jurdjevic, 'Prophets and Politicians: Marsilio Ficino, Savonarola and the Valori Family',
PP
, 183 (May 2004), 41-78, at 59-61.

41
J. A. White (ed.),
Biondo Flavio: Italy Illuminated
(Cambridge, MA, 2005), 189-93.

42
H. Jones,
Master Tully: Cicero in Tudor England
(Nieuwkoop, 1998), esp. 77, and Chs. 1-4.

43
The foundation study here is F. Yates,
Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition
(London, 1964).

44
On the Dominican pioneer treatise,
Tractatus gerarchie subcoelestis
, see I. Backus,
Historical Method and Confessional Identity in the Era of the Reformation (1378-1615)
(Leiden, 2003), 15-16.

45
G. W. H. Lampe (ed.),
The Cambridge History of the Bible: 2. The West from the Fathers to the Reformation
(Cambridge, 1969), 301.

46
Rummel,
The Confessionalization of Humanism in Reformation Germany
, 11.

47
D. S. Ellington,
From Sacred Body to Angelic Soul: Understanding Mary in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe
(Washington, DC, 2001), 193.

48
For examples of Catholic theologians reading Augustine afresh, see MacCulloch, 111 - 12.

49
B. B. Warfield,
Calvin and Augustine
(Philadelphia, 1956), 332.

50
MacCulloch, 57.

51
D. Nirenberg, 'Mass Conversion and Genealogical Mentalities: Jews and Christians in 15th Century Spain',
PP
, 174 (February 2002), 3-41, esp. 21-5.

52
J. Edwards,
The Spanish Inquisition
(Stroud, 1999), Ch. 4, well summarizes these events.

53
The cautiously revised but still massive figure for expellees is from ibid., 88.

54
M. D. Meyerson,
The Muslims of Valencia in the Age of Fernando and Isabel: Between Coexistence and Crusade
(Berkeley, 1991); J. Edwards, 'Portugal and the Expulsion of the Jews from Spain', in
Medievo hispano: estudios in memoriam del Prof. Derek W. Lomax
(Madrid, 1995), 121-39.

55
H. E. Rawlings, 'The Secularisation of Castilian Episcopal Office under the Habsburgs, c. 1516-1700',
JEH
, 38 (1987), 53-79, at 55.

56
Edwards,
The Spanish Inquisition
, 85.

57
J. R. L. Highfield, 'The Jeronimites in Spain, Their Patrons and Success, 1373-1516',
JEH
, 34 (1983), 513-33, at 531-2. For clashes between Rome and Spanish authorities over
limpieza de sangre
, see D. Fenlon, 'Pole, Carranza and the Pulpit', in J. Edwards and R. Truman (eds.),
Reforming Catholicism in the England of Mary Tudor: The Achievement of Friar Bartolome Carranza
(Aldershot, 2005), 81-97, at 96-7, and R. Truman, 'Pedro Salazar de Mendoza and the First Biography of Carranza', ibid., 177-205, at 184.

58
R. L. Melammed,
Heretics or Daughters of Israel? The Crypto-Jewish Women of Castile
(New York, 1999), Ch. 8, and 164. On the Morisco expulsions, B. Kaplan,
Divided by Faith: Religious Conflict and the Practice of Toleration in Early Modern Europe
(Cambridge, MA, 2007), 310.

59
W. A. Christian,
Local Religion in Sixteenth-century Spain
(Princeton, 1981); W. A. Christian,
Apparitions in Late Medieval and Renaissance Spain
(Princeton, 1981).

60
J. Arrizabalaga, J. Henderson and R. French,
The Great Pox: The French Disease in Renaissance Europe
(New Haven and London, 1997), Chs. 1, 2.

61
From a sermon in the Florence Duomo in 1495: J. C. Olin (ed.),
The Catholic Reformation: Savonarola to Ignatius Loyola
(New York, 1992), 12. The 'four things' appear to be the four results which Savonarola wished his sermon to achieve, set out in its opening words (cf. ibid., 4): understanding, confirmation for the convinced, conversion of the unconvinced and confusion for the stubborn.

62
For the role of Bartolomeo Scala as mouthpiece for this innovative self-justification, see D. Wootton, 'The True Origins of Republicanism: The Disciples of Baron and the Counter-example of Venturi', in M. Albertone (ed.),
Il repubblicanesimo moderno: l'idea di Repubblica nella riflessione storica di Franco Venturi
(Naples, 2006), 271-304.

63
P. Macey,
Bonfire Songs: Savonarola's Musical Legacy
(Oxford, 1998), esp. 157, 272 - 302.

64
L. Polizzotto,
The Elect Nation: The Savonarolan Movement in Florence, 1494-1545
(Oxford, 1994).

65
J. W. O'Malley,
The First Jesuits
(Cambridge, MA, 1993), 262; S. T. Strocchia, 'Savonarolan Witnesses: The Nuns of San Jacopo and the Piagnone Movement in 16th-century Florence',
SCJ
, 38 (2007), 393-417, at 414.

66
M. Reeves,
Prophetic Rome in the High Renaissance Period
(Oxford, 1992), esp. essays by A. Morisi-Guera and J. M. Headley, 27-50 and 241-69.

67
There has been much modern embarrassment and obfuscation on Erasmus and Rogerus, but see sensible comment in J. Huizinga,
Erasmus of Rotterdam
(London, 1952), 11-12, and from Geoffrey Nuttall,
JEH
, 26 (1975), 403.

68
D. MacCulloch, 'Mary and Sixteenth-century Protestants', in R. N. Swanson (ed.),
The Church and Mary
(
SCH
, 39, 2004), 191-217.