What Hath God Wrought (131 page)

On the debates over slavery, see Stephen Haynes,
Noah’s Curse
(2002) and Drew Faust,
A Sacred Circle
(1977) and
Southern Stories
(1992). For the relationship of southern evangelical religion to slavery, see Anne Loveland,
Southern Evangelicals and the Social Order
(1980); John Daly,
When Slavery was Called Freedom
(2002); and Elizabeth Fox-Genovese and Eugene Genovese,
The Mind of the Master Class
(2005).

On the Panics of 1837 and 1839, see Peter Temin,
The Jacksonian Economy
(1969); John McFaul,
The Politics of Jacksonian Finance
(1972); Herbert Sloan,
Principle and Interest
(1995); William Shade,
Banks or No Banks
(1972); Edwin Dodd,
American Business Corporations until 1860
(1954); and Douglass North,
The Economic Growth of the United States
(1961). More recent scholarship is presented in Peter Rousseau, “Jacksonian Monetary Policy, Specie Flows, and the Panic of 1837,”
Journal of Economic History
62 (2002): 457–88.

The Cambridge Economic History of the United States
, ed. Stanley Engerman and Robert Gallman (Cambridge, Eng., 1996–2000), vol. II:
The Long Nineteenth Century
is an authoritative and up-to-date collection of essays. Other useful anthologies are Paul Gilje, ed.,
Wages of Independence: Capitalism in the Early American Republic
(1997); Thomas Weiss and Donald Schaefer, eds.,
American Economic Development in Historical Perspective
(1994); and Stanley Engerman and Robert Gallman, eds.,
Long-term Factors in American Economic Growth
(1986). Stephen Usselman,
Regulating Railroad Innovation
(2002) is much broader than its title might suggest. On the growth of manufacturing, see Otto Mayr and Robert Post, eds.,
Yankee Enterprise: The Rise of the American System of Manufactures
(1981); Thomas Cochran,
Frontiers of Change: Early American Industrialization
(1981); Cynthia Shelton,
The Mills of Manayunk
(1986); Ruth Schwartz Cowan,
A Social History of American Technology
(1997); Gary Kornblith, ed.,
The Industrial Revolution in America
(1998); Colleen Dunlavy,
Politics and Industrialization: Early Railroads in the United States and Prussia
(1994); Peter Temin,
Engines of Enterprise
(2000); and, for its impact on American values, John Kasson,
Civilizing the Machine
(1976). Technical but rewarding are Robert Gallman and John Wallis, eds.,
American Economic Growth and Standards of Living Before the Civil War
(1992) and Mary Rose,
Firms, Networks, and Business Values: The British and American Cotton Industries Since 1750
(2000).

For the history of labor, both organized and otherwise, see Walter Hugins,
Jacksonian Democracy and the Working Class
(1960); Sean Wilentz,
Chants Democratic
(1984); Herbert Gutman,
Work, Culture, and Society in Industrializing America
(1976); Alan Dawley,
Class and Community: The Industrial Revolution in Lynn
(1976); Bruce Laurie,
Artisans into Workers
(1989); Christopher Tomlins,
Law, Labor, and Ideology in the Early American Republic
(1993); Richard Stott,
Workers in the Metropolis
(1990); and Howard Rock, Paul Gilje, and Robert Asher, eds.,
American Artisans
(1995). On the unskilled, see Peter Way,
Common Labour: Workers and the Digging of North American Canals
(1993). On working-class racism, see David Roediger,
The Wages of Whiteness
, rev. ed. (1999) and Anthony Gronowicz,
Race and Class Politics in New York City Before the Civil War
(1998).

Labor radicalism is treated in Paul Conkin,
Prophets of Prosperity
(1980), chap. 9; Jamie Bronstein,
Land Reform and Working-Class Experience
(1999); Jonathan Glickstein,
American Exceptionalism, American Anxiety
(2002); and Mark Lause,
Young America: Land, Labor, and the Republican Community
(2005).

On women wage-workers, see Thomas Dublin,
Women at Work: Lowell, Massachusetts,
2nd ed. (1993) and Philip Foner’s anthology,
The Factory Girls
(1977). For women as independent artisans, see Wendy Gamber,
The Female Economy: The Millinery and Dressmaking Trades
(1997). An aspect of labor often ignored is women’s housework; see Jeane Boydston,
Home and Work: Housework, Wages, and the Ideology of Labor in the Early Republic
(1990) and Faye Dudden,
Serving Women: Household Service in Nineteenth-Century America
(1983).

Industrial slave labor is covered in Robert Starobin,
Industrial Slavery in the Old South
(1970); Ronald Lewis,
Coal, Iron, and Slaves
(1979); and Fred Bateman and Thomas Weiss,
A Deplorable Scarcity: The Failure of Industrialization in the Slave Economy
(1981).

For America’s largest city, see Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace,
Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898
(1999). Particular aspects of urban life are illuminated in Tyler Anbinder,
Five Points
(2001); Amy Greenberg,
Cause for Alarm: The Volunteer Fire Department in the Nineteenth Century
(1998); Mary Ryan,
Civic Wars: Democracy and Public Life in the American City During the Nineteenth Century
(1997); Maureen Ogle,
All the Modern Conveniences
(1996); Timothy Gilfoyle,
City of Eros
(1992); Christine Stansell,
City of Women
(1986); and J. F. Richardson,
The New York Police
(1970).

The Whigs and Democrats of the second party system are examined in Robert Remini,
Martin Van Buren and the Making of the Democratic Party
(1959) and
The Election of Andrew Jackson
(1963); Richard P. McCormick,
The Second American Party System
(1966); Joel Silbey and Samuel McSeveney, eds.,
Voters, Parties, and Elections
(1972); Daniel Howe,
The Political Culture of the American Whigs
(1979); Jean Baker,
Affairs of Party
(1983); John Ashworth,
‘Agrarians’ and ‘Aristocrats’
(1983); Joel Silbey,
The Partisan Imperative
(1985); Thomas Brown,
Politics and Statesmanship
(1985); Lawrence Kohl,
The Politics of Individualism
(1989); John Gerring,
Party Ideologies in America
(1998); and Daniel Feller, “Politics and Society: Toward a Jacksonian Synthesis,”
JER
10 (1990): 185–61. Michael Holt’s monumental study,
The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party
(1999), emphasizing state politics and electoral strategy, is invaluable.

Good legal history is necessarily technical, and much of it is relatively inaccessible to laypersons. I have benefited from the following: William Novak,
The People’s Welfare: Law and Regulation in Nineteenth-Century America
(1996); William Nelson,
Americanization of the Common Law
, 2nd ed. (1994); Christopher Tomlins,
Law, Labor, and Ideology in the Early American Republic
(1993); Hendrick Hartog,
Public Property and Private Power
(1983); Laura Scalia,
America’s Jeffersonian Experiment: Remaking State Constitutions, 1820–1850
(1999); P. S. Atiyah,
The Rise and Fall of Freedom of Contract
(1979); Peter Karsten,
Heart Versus Head: Judge-Made Law in Nineteenth-Century America
(1997); Morton Horwitz,
The Transformation of American Law
(1977); Leonard Levy,
The Law of the Commonwealth and Chief Justice Shaw
(1957); and Charles Warren,
The Supreme Court in United States History
(1923).

The momentous decisions of the Marshall Court are explained in Kent Newmyer,
John Marshall and the Heroic Age of the Supreme Court
(2001); Mark Killinbeck,
M’Culloch v. Maryland
(2006); Saul Cornell,
The Other Founders
(1999); Charles Hobson,
The Great Chief Justice
(1996); Edward White,
The Marshall Court and Cultural Change
(1988); Kent Newmyer,
Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story
(1985); and David Currie,
The Constitution in the Supreme Court
(1985). For the Supreme Court under Chief Justice Taney, see Stanley Kutler,
Privilege and Creative Destruction: The Charles River Bridge Case
(1971) and Austin Allen,
Origins of the Dred Scott Case: Jacksonian Jurisprudence and the Supreme Court
(2005).

The law of slavery is analyzed in Thomas D. Morris,
Southern Slavery and the Law
(1996); Paul Finkelman,
Slavery and the Law
(1997); Jenny Wahl,
The Bondsman’s Burden
(1998); Timothy Huebner,
The Southern Judicial Tradition
(1999); Ariela Gross,
Double Character: Slavery and Mastery
(2000); and Mark Tushnet,
Slave Law in the American South
(2003).

The politics of slavery have been treated in Donald Robinson,
Slavery in the Structure of American Politics
(1971); Duncan Macleod,
Slavery, Race, and the American Revolution
(1974); William Cooper Jr.,
The South and the Politics of Slavery
(1978); Richard J. Ellis,
American Political Cultures
(1993); Anthony Carey,
Parties, Slavery, and the Union in Antebellum Georgia
(1997); Don Fehrenbacher,
The Slaveholding Republic
(2001); Leonard Richards,
The Slave Power
(2001); and Matthew Mason,
Slavery and Politics in the Early American Republic
(2006).

On the anti-rent movement, see Charles McCurdy,
The Anti-Rent Era in New York Law and Politics
(2001); Reeve Huston,
Land and Freedom: Rural Society, Popular Protest, and Party Politics in Antebellum New York
(2000); and David Maldwyn Ellis,
Landlords and Farmers in the Hudson-Mohawk Region
(1946).

Too many historians have accepted the Democratic Party’s characterization of William Henry Harrison as a nonentity and his election as an example of the triumph of hoopla over reason. This view is presented in Robert Gunderson,
The Log-Cabin Campaign
(1957); for a corrective, see Michael Holt,
The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party
(1999). On the conflict between Tyler and Clay, besides William Brock,
Parties and Political Conscience
, already cited, see Dan Monroe,
The Republican Vision of John Tyler
(2003) and George Poage,
Henry Clay and the Whig Party
(1936).

Treatments of Dorr’s Rebellion in Rhode Island reflect a variety of perspectives. They include Arthur Mowry,
The Dorr War
(1901); Peter Coleman,
The Transformation of Rhode Island
(1963), 218–94; Marvin Gettleman,
The Dorr Rebellion
(1973); and George Dennison,
The Dorr War
(1976).

For the role of women in electoral politics in this period, see Elizabeth Varon,
We Mean to Be Counted: White Women and Politics in Antebellum Virginia
(1998); Robert Dinkin,
Before Equal Suffrage
(1995); and Ronald Zboray and Mary Zboray, “Whig Women, Politics, and Culture in the Campaign of 1840,”
JER
17 (1997): 277–315. Sarah Josepha Hale and women’s magazines are discussed in William R. Taylor,
Cavalier and Yankee
(1961) and Patricia Okker,
Our Sister Editors
(1995). For the role of petitioning in the development of women’s political consciousness, and John Quincy Adams’s defense of it, see Susan Zaeske,
Signatures of Citizenship
(2003). The complicated but exciting story of the Gag Rule and its repeal is told in William Lee Miller,
Arguing About Slavery
(1995) and William Freehling,
The Road to Disunion: Secessionists at Bay
(1990), 287–352.

Of the many works on William Ellery Channing, especially recommended are Madeleine Hooke Rice,
Federal Street Pastor
(1961) and Jack Mendelssohn,
Channing
(1971). For his context, see a fine anthology, Sydney Ahlstrom and Jonathan Carey, eds.,
An American Reformation
(1985); as well as David Robinson,
The Unitarians and the Universalists
(1985); Anne Bressler,
The Universalist Movement in America
(2001); Conrad Wright, ed.,
A Stream of Light
(1975); Conrad Edick Wright, ed.,
American Unitarianism, 1805–1865
(1989); and Daniel Howe,
The Unitarian Conscience
, rev. ed. (1988).