Read Vikings Online

Authors: Neil Oliver

Vikings (46 page)

1263
In retaliation for Scots aggression against Viking rule in the Western Isles, the Viking King Haakon IV unsuccessfully takes on the Scots at the Battle of Largs. This is the last Viking raid on mainland Scotland.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

SECONDARY SOURCES

Bradley, Richard,
The Prehistory of Britain and Ireland
(Cambridge University Press, 2007)

Bradley, Richard, Skoglund, Peter and Wehlin, Joakim, ‘Imaginary Vessels in the Late Bronze Age of Gotland and South Scandinavia: Ship settings, rock carvings and decorated metalwork’ (
Swedish Archaeology
, Volume 18, 2010)

Brink, Stefan (editor) and Price, Neil,
The Viking World
(Routledge, 2012)

Byock, Jesse,
Viking Age Iceland
(Penguin, 2001)

Clark, Kenneth,
Civilisation
(BBC, 1969)

Cohat, Yves,
The Vikings, Lords of the Seas
(Thames and Hudson, 2010)

Cunliffe, Barry,
Europe Between the Oceans 9000
BC–AD
1000
(Yale University Press, 2008)

Davis, Graeme,
Vikings in America
(Birlinn, 2011)

Fagan, Brian,
People of the Earth: An Introduction to World Prehistory
(HarperCollins, 1992)

Forte, Angelo, Oram, Richard and Pedersen, Frederik,
Viking Empires
(Cambridge University Press, 2005)

Foster, Sally M.,
Picts, Gaels and Scots
(Batsford/Historic Scotland, 2004)

Graham-Campbell, James, Batey, Colleen, Clarke, Helen, Page, R. I. and Price, Neil S.,
Cultural Atlas of the Viking World
(Time-Life Books, 1994)

Hall, Richard,
Viking Age Archaeology
(Shire Archaeology, 2010)

Hedenstierna-Jonson, Charlotte,
A Brotherhood of Feasting and Campaigning: The Success of the Northern Warrior
(The Museum of National Antiquities, Stockholm, 2009)

Iversen, Kaare,
Shetland Bus Man
(The Shetland Times Ltd, 2004)

Jones, Gwyn,
A History of the Vikings
(Oxford University Press, 2001)

Kaul, Flemming, ‘Ships on Bronzes: A Study in Bronze Age Religion and Iconography’ (
Norwegian Archaeological Review
, Volume 33, Issue 1, 2000)

Kelly, Eamonn P., ‘Vikings on the Barrow, Dunrally Fort, a possible Viking longphort in County Laois’ (
Archaeology Ireland
, Volume 9, No. 3, Autumn 1995)

Kristiansen, Kristian, ‘Seafaring Voyages and Rock Art Ships’ (
Oxford Journal of Archaeology
, Blackwell Publishing, 2006)

Oliver, Neil,
A History of Scotland
(Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2009)

O’Rourke, P. J.,
Holidays in Hell
(Picador, 1988)

Proctor, G. L.,
The Vikings
(Longman, 1975)

Roesdahl, Else,
The Vikings
(Penguin, 1998)

Story, Joanna,
Lindisfarne Priory
(English Heritage, 2005)

Volkoff, Vladimir,
Vladimir the Russian Viking
(The Overlook Press, 1984)

Winroth, Anders,
The Conversion of Scandinavia: Vikings, Merchants, and Missionaries in the Remaking of Northern Europe
(Yale University Press, 2012)

Woolf, Alex,
From Pictland to Alba 789–1070
(Edinburgh University Press, 2007)

DOCUMENTARY SOURCES

Adam of Bremen,
Gesta Hammaburgensis Ecclesiae Pontificum: History of the Archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen
, trans. Tschan, Francis J. (Columbia University Press, 2002)

Ahmad Ibn Rustah,
Book of Precious Records
, quoted in
National Geographic
, March 1985

Alcuin of York, quoted in Christensen, C. and Nielsen H. (eds.),
Diplomatarium danicum
, 1. Raekke, Vol. I,
Diplomatarium danicum: Regester 789–1052
, Det Danske Sprog- og Litteraturselskab. Copenhagen: C. A. Reitzels Forlag, 1975 in Forte, Angelo, Oram, Richard and Pedersen, Frederik, op. cit.

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
, trans. and ed. Swanton, Michael (Phoenix Press, 2000)

Augustus,
Res gestae divi Augusti: The Deeds of the Divine Augustus
, trans. Brunt, P. A. and Moore, J. M. (Oxford, 1969)

Bede,
Ecclesiastical History of the English People
(Penguin Classics, 1990)

Dicuili Liber de Mensura Orbis Terrae
, ed. Tierney, J. J. (Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1967)

Einhard,
Vita Caroli Magni: The Life of Charles the Great
, quoted in Barbero, Alessandro,
Charlemagne: Father of a Continent
, trans. Cameron, Allan (University of California Press, 2004)

Encomium Emmae Reginae
, ed. Campbell, Alistair (Camden Classic Reprints, 1998)

Ermantarius is quoted from Graham-Campbell, James,
The Viking World
(Ticknor and Fields, 1980)

Historia Norwegie
, ed. Ekrem, Inger and Mortensen, Lars Boje, trans. Fisher, Peter (Museum Tusculanum Press, 2003)

‘Ibn Fadlan and the Rusiyyah’, in
Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies, Vol. III
, Montgomery, James E., ed. Bell, Joseph Norment (Lancaster University, 2000)

Nestor’s Chronicle
(also known as the
Tale of Bygone Years
), quoted in Volkoff, Vladimir, op. cit.

Orkneyinga Saga: The History of the Earls of Orkney
, trans. Palsson, Hermann and Edwards, Paul (Hogarth Press, 1978)

Procopius,
History of the Wars, Books V–VI
, trans. Dewing, Henry Bronson (Harvard University Press, 1968)

Snorri Sturluson,
Heimskringla: The Olaf Sagas
, trans. Laing, S. and Simpson, J., London, New York, 1964 (and later eds)

Symeon of Durham,
Historia Regum Anglorum: History of the Kings of England
, quoted in Woolf, Alex, op. cit.

Tacitus,
Germania
, ed. Anderson, J. G. C. (Clarendon Press, 1938)

EDDAS

Snorri Sturluson,
Edda
, trans. and ed. Faulkes, Anthony (Everyman, 1995)

The Poetic Edda
, trans. Larrington, Carolyne (Oxford University Press, 2008)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

As always, this book would never have seen the light of day without the talent and kindness of others. Sincere thanks to Bea Hemming, my editor at Weidenfeld & Nicolson for so much care and attention, and to all of her colleagues there – in design, picture research and marketing. My debt to editor Michael Dover grows ever larger, just as my respect deepens. He makes books better. Having worked through three of mine with me, he now spots my self-indulgences from half a mile out. Any that survive in the final version are entirely my own responsibility. The same is true of the contribution of proofreader Linden Lawson, who has worked her painstaking magic here once again.

Vikings
began life as a BBC television project and so I am also indebted to the team that slaved away to give it life. Huge thanks therefore to series producer Cameron Balbirnie, whose commitment to the job in hand is always humbling. Executive producer Eamon Hardy was also a champion of the cause. Directors Jon Eastman, Rosie Schellenberg and Simon Winchcombe led the journeys and adventures, each in their own unique and revealing way. It’s one thing to read about Vikings – quite another to spend time following in their footsteps. Hopefully this book conveys at least some of the wonder and excitement I felt during visits to locations as diverse and unforgettable as Reykjavik, Birka and Istanbul.

When the going gets tough, both on and between locations, it’s so often the humour of the crews that gets everyone else
through. Deep gratitude then to cameramen Patrick Acum, Neville Kidd, Toby Wilkinson, Jamie Cairney and Nik Porter, as well as to soundmen Edward Capes and Mike Williams. Researchers Eirin O Høgetveit, Ivan Lazic (both of whom also showed real potential as sound recordists, incidentally!) and Tom Watkinson were endlessly helpful and their careful work underpins much of what is contained in these pages. The editors who each brought skill and dedication to the job of assembling and finessing the three episodes of the series were Martin Johnson, Matt White and Ben Harrison – so my thanks and appreciation are owed to all.

None of us would have got anywhere or done anything useful without the tireless efforts of production co-ordinators Dominic Bolton, Poppy Corbett and Gezz Mounter – so huge thanks to them too. Love as always to my agents – Eugenie Furniss at Furniss-Lawton and Sophie Laurimore at Factual Management.

But my greatest debt is owed to my wife Trudi, and to our children, Evie, Archie and Teddy. My work takes me away from home more than I would like, and their tolerance of both my absences, and then of my deadline-inspired distraction while I am actually in the house, makes it all possible. I cannot thank them enough.

INDEX

Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle),
10
,
101
,
111
,
152

Aase, Queen,
138
,
139
,
154
,
240

Abbasid Caliphate,
144
,
172

3
,
178
,
187

Abdülmecid, Sultan,
183

Aberlemno Stone,
105

Abu-Bakr, Caliph,
97

Adam of Bremen,
83
,
119

20
,
273
,
303
,
319

Aelfteah, Archbishop of Canterbury,
324

Aella of Northumbria,
225

Aethelbald of Mercia,
229

Aethelred of Northumbria,
111

12

Aethelred of Wessex,
234

Aethelred the Unready,
317
,
318

19
,
320
,
324

5
,
331

St Brice’s Day Massacre,
321

2

Aethelstan (formerly Guthrum),
235

Aethelstan, King of the English,
257

9
,
260
,
261

Aethelweard,
259

Aggersborg (Denmark),
310
,
311

Aidan of Lindisfarne,
10
,
147

8

Alamanni, the,
88

Alcuin of York,
10
,
101
,
111

12
,
128

9
,
152
,
222

Alfred Jewel,
226

7
,
315

Alfred the Great,
16
,
82
,
226
,
234

6
,
257

America

see
North America

Andersen, Søren,
25

Angles,
88
,
103
,
104

5
,
210

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, xix,
10
,
153
,
154
,
155
,
223
,
224
,
227
,
228
,
234
,
236
,
257

8
,
259
,
313
,
317
,
319

Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy,
222

3

Anglo-Saxons,
103
,
105
,
156
,
227
,
234

Angus Og,
252

Annales Bertiniani (Annals of St Bertin)
,
195
,
223

Annales Cambriae
,
259

Annals of Fulda
,
204

Annals of the Four Masters
,
204

Annals of Ulster
,
197
,
255

Ansarve (Sweden),
108

Ansgar,
298
,
308

Antoninus Pius, Emperor,
87

Anwend,
234

Ardnamurchan boat burial,
2

3
,
250

Ari Thorgilsson,
266
,
267

Arminius,
76

Asgard,
268

Ashingdon (Assandun), Battle of,
325

6

Ashmolean Museum, Oxford,
226
,
227
,
315

Asleifsson, Svein,
198

9

Assandun (Ashingdon), Battle of,
325

6

Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal,
182

Atlantic Ocean,
221
,
265
,
280

Attila the Hun,
94

Augstine of Hippo, St,
103

Augustus, Emperor,
75
,
76
,
77

Baghdad,
144
,
172
,
175
,
185
,
187

Baltic Sea,
24
,
79
,
129
,
157
,
159
,
187
,
221

Baltimore, Ireland,
211

Balts,
157
,
174
,
291

Bamburgh, Northumbria,
151
,
258

Barbary pirates,
211

Barrow River,
202
,
203

Barrowman, Rachel,
245

Basil II, Byzantine Emperor,
176

Bede, the Venerable,
147

8
,
152

Ecclesiastical History of the English People
,
102

3
,
150

Belisarius, Flavius,
17

Beloozero (Russia),
172

Benedict of Nursia, St,
149

Beorhtric of Wessex,
154

Beowulf
,
103
,
122

Bergman, Ingmar,
108

Bernicia, Kingdom of,
105
,
222

Betjeman, John,
229

Biddle, Martin and Birthe,
230
,
232

3

Birka (Sweden),
158
,
187

90
,
192
,
222
,
290
,
298

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