Thinking Small (68 page)

Notes
 

1.1
.
Ethnic ad agency
: Sometimes people also referred to DDB as a “Seventh Avenue” agency as well.

1.2
. “unabashedly recognizably”: Fox, 275.

1.3
. “No one in America knows”: Kaplan, 26.

1.4
. “Baby Hitler”:
New York Times,
July 3, 1938.

2.1
.
“
bright blue—bordering on the violet”: OSS, 22–23.

2.2
.
Strength through Joy Car
: In German, this is
der Kraft durch Freude Wagen,
which is also widely known as the Kdf-Wagen.

2.3
. “Until now the automobile has”: Sachs, 61. From
Das Automobil erobert die Welt. Biographie des Draftwagens,
Berlin, 1938, 356.

2.4
. “model German workers city” and ideas behind city planning:
Wortprotokoll der Uebertragung der Grundsteinlegung des Volkswagen Werkes bei Fallersleben am 26. Mai 1938, compiled by Rolf Linnemann,
March 1987 (Stadtarchiv Wolfsburg), 6–7.

2.5
.
He certainly wasn’t himself
: According to one city planner, Titus Taescher: “Hitler hatte damals offenbr ganz andere Dinge im Kopf. Es war whol die planerische Vorbereitung fuer einen Einmarsch in die Txchechoslovakei, und er fand nicht Zeit und Interesse, sich anzusehen, was vir vorbereitet hatten.” 3 November 1970: Wolfsburg Musuem Austellung.
Stadtarchiv 21.

2.6
.
It was well known that Hitler’s preferred place in any car
: Linge, 13. Hitler’s valet, Heinz Linge, tells about a time when shots were fired in an assassination attempt and hit Himmler’s car instead, in the area of the front seat, at which time Hitler told Linge, “That was certainly intended for me because Himmler does not usually drive
ahead. It is also well known that I always sit at the side of the driver.…”

3.1
. “Freedom has been sacrificed”: Otto Julius Bierbaum. Sachs, 7–8.

4.1
. “It now costs the average American”: Wood, 90.

4.2
. “the audience had never even considered”:
Wired,
Issue 15.12, 11–27, 2007.

4.3
. “The eyes of the Fair are on the future”: World’s Fair pamphlet.

4.4
. “It is Germany’s great good fortune to have found a leader”: Kempe, 17.

5.1
.
Ginzkey
: In 1924, Ginzkey’s carpet factory provided the world’s largest carpet to the Waldorf-Astoria hotel in New York City.

5.2
.
Bela Egger
: the company Porsche first got a job for, through Ginzkey’s contacts.

5.3
.
Tires and Wheels
: The first air-filled tires were invented in 1888 and were later used for bicycles. In 1895, André Michelin used one on a car for the first time, though it did not quite work. It was not until 1911 that the first successful tires were made by Philip Strauss. Around this same time, the Goodyear car company began to add carbon to rubber to give
the tires a longer life. Charles Goodyear had invented vulcanized rubber in 1844. Vulcanized rubber is rubber with added chemicals so that it will not melt in hot weather or break in cold weather, as the original rubber (gum from tree sap) did.

5.4
.
Energy and its relation to mobility
: France deserves a word here, to be sure, having developed the
systeme panhard,
“the basic fore-to-aft formation of radiator, engine, clutch, gearbox, prop shaft, and rear axle. This was far removed from the German Daimler-Benz horseless carriage, which had a gasoline engine turning a belt drive to the wheels.”
Vaitheeswaren, Location 363.

6.1
. “I never witnessed”: Kershaw, Kindle Location 565.

6.2
. “He is very young”: Frankenberg, 5.

6.3
. Porsche was also a very good driver, and he liked to race, so he also built a racing version of the Lohner-Porsche. Around the same time as that first Paris show, Porsche took to the streets of Vienna and set a record with it.

6.4
. “grant to human beings their conquest”:
Allgemeine Automobil-Zeitung,
1906, no. 17, 33. From Sachs, 9.

6.5
. “at odds with himself”: Hitler, 19.

6.6
. “prostrate with grief”: Kershaw, Location 750.

6.7
. Aloisia also worked at Bela Egger.

6.8
. “a wonderful car—one, single, wonderful car”: Brinkley, 106.

6.9
. ——— “At the time, Ford himself wondered aloud whether his company would ever build even a tenth Model T.”

7.1
. Bill Bernbach finished his studies in 1932, but the graduation ceremony was not until 1933.

7.2
. “Now Bill, what you do is”: Jackall, 69.

7.3
. I could not find this first ad that Bill always later claimed he did for Lord & Thomas.

8.1
. “Hitler: Our Last Hope”: Zentner, 38.

8.2
.
Deutsche Qualitätsarbeit
: According to an essay called “German Quality Work” by Alf Luedtke in
Towards Mobility,
VW AG, 175—“The notion and claims of ‘German Quality Work’ had their social and cultural bases in artisanal trades. In due time, not merely artisanal but industrial masters and engineers and, even
more, skilled industrial workers took ‘German quality work’ as a notion of reference. To all of them it would connect perfectly with self-assessment and aspiration.… Thus in the 1920s as in the 1930s young semi-skilled male workers who had been trained on the job to operate, for instance, universal machine tools were a case in point. They themselves but likewise company superiors, union functionaries and external observers regarded them as producers of
‘quality work.’ ”

8.3
.
Connection between German Quality Work and a mistrust of free trade
: As Jonathan Steinberg points out in his book
Bismarck: A Life,
artisans and craftsmen historically developed an attitude against the new idea of capitalistic free trade, and beginning in the late 1800s, this sentiment was often tied to anti-Semitism. Thus in a very real sense, the ideas that
Hitler took to the extreme were not new ideas in the history of Germany but rather familiar ones, which helped Hitler use those ideas toward his own ends.

8.4
.
Communism
: It was Bolshevism in the early 1900s in Russia (Lenin, Trotsky). The word Bolshevism and Menshevism was ultimately dropped and it became Communism instead. Hitler often talked of the Bolsheviks as the enemy. I used Communist here because it is less confusing.

8.5
. Historian and professor Thomas Childers talks about the shock of the country after World War One in the audio learning series: “The Origins of the Second World War” lecture, and “Hitler’s challenge to the International System” lecture.

8.6
. “Paris was a nightmare”: Keynes, Location 34.

8.7
. ——— “by the very persons who”: Location 1848.

8.8
. ——— “deeply and inextricably”: Location 31.

8.9
. ——— “the perils of”: Location 1274.

8.10
. “I do not change my nationality”: Frankenberg, 22.

8.11
. “very positive attraction …”: Frankenberg, 24.

9.1
. It is contested how often or how seriously Adolf Hitler considered his own suicide.

9.2
. “The obituaries were, as it turned out”: Overy, 50.

9.3
. ——— “willfully ruined a fine genetic inheritance”: 98–99.

9.4
. ——— “The power of the popular biological argument was evident in its most extreme form”: 106.

9.5
. Hitler was the 55th member of the NSDAP. He was given number 555 though, because they were numbering bigger to look bigger.

9.6
. “The art of propaganda”:
Hitler,
1992, 165.

9.7
. “I’m finished. If I had a revolver”: Kershaw, Location 2906.

9.8
. “Crisis was Hitler’s”: Kershaw, 2738.

9.9
. “The man who is born to be”: Brody, 70; Bullock, 117.

9.10
. “Landsberg was a university”: Kershaw,
Hubris,
240.

9.11
. “I’ve brought a new customer for you”: Reuss, 48–49.

9.12
. “making his hair stand”: Spiegel, Friedmann, 2010.

9.13
.
Henry Ford’s People’s Car
: In 1925, Henry Ford’s
My Life and Work
was a bestseller in Berlin. In America, the Model T had debuted in 1908 with a purchase price of $825.00. Over ten thousand were sold in its first year, a record in any country. Four years later the price was lowered to $575.00 and sales again soared. By 1914,
Ford’s company had a 48 percent share of the automobile market, and because of Ford’s assembly line, one car could be made every 93 minutes. By 1918, half of all cars in America were Model T’s.

9.14
. “No sooner did production start up than the company’s executives began prowling the factory floors”: Brinkley, 141.

9.15
. “Things will develop”:
Automobil Revue
Volume 7, 126.

9.16
. “right of way in the literal sense”: Sachs, 45.

9.17
.
Fuhrer without a Fuhrerschein
: The term Fuhrer was used as a military title in Germany during the 18th century. Hitler brought this term into politics and christened himself “the Fuhrer” when he was head of the NSDAP. The term means to drive, guide, or steer and is used in combination with other words in German such as “Fuhrerschein,”
which means “driver’s license” in English and is used in the same way in Germany today.

10.1
. Daimler-Benz was actually still called Daimler Motor in 1923. It merged with Benz in 1926. Daimler is creator of the Mercedes. Thus “Mercedes-Benz.”

10.2
. “in recognition of his outstanding merit”: Frankenberg, 34.

10.3
.
thirty test samples
: None of these early Daimler cars exist today. None have been found, so it’s hard to say what the car looked like. Most agree it was an evolved idea of the Sascha but with a 1,000 cc engine. It could also have been like the 8/38.

11.1
.
Turm der blauen Pferde
(Tower of the Blue Horses): This Franz Marc painting was at the Nationalgalerie in Berlin. Marc, alongside other artists such as Wassily Kandinsky, was part of an art group called “Blaue Reiter” that formed before the First World War.

11.2
. “not halfway, not dishonest, not unfinished”: Nordhoff’s letter to Charlotte Fassunge. 9 December 1923. Barbara Graefin Cantacuzino’s private archive. Edelmann, 2003. 27.

11.3
. “No one should pride himself”: Marc, LfW, 56.

11.4
. “The automobile changed our dress, manners, social customs”: Brinkley, 333.

11.5
. “acquire companies in individual countries and build upon their existing reputations.”: Brinkley, 369.

12.1
. Paul Rand’s work and ads can be found at
paul-rand.com
.

12.2
. “Just as warfare”: Hochschild, Location 2624–29.

12.3
. “with the high responsibility”: Coolidge—Address Before the American Association of Advertising Agencies, Washington, D.C. October 27, 1926, Library of Congress. Speech online at:
http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=412

12.4
. “There is no one self”: Lippmann, 173.

12.5
. “high excitement in the booming field”: Mark Crispin Miller in introduction to Bernay’s Propaganda, Kindle Location, 40–42.

12.6
. “When I came back from the war”: Bernays interview, YouTube.

12.7
. “We are going into the Reichstag”: Kershaw, Location 3950.

12.8
. “I just snuck”: Scorsese,
No Way Home.

13.1
. “Tree Frog”: in German,
Laubfrosch.

13.2
. “The one will be too heavy”: L. Betz,
Das Volksauto.
Rettung oder
Untergang der deutschen Automobile-industrie (The People’s Car: Salvation or decline of the German auto industry). Stuttgart, 1931, 45, 73. Sachs, 43–44.

13.3
.
gathering some of the best
: Porsche would have some of the best engineers in the world working with him: Karl Rabe, Josef Kales, Erwin Komenda, Karl Froehlich, Josef Mickl, Josef Zahrednik, and Franz Xaver Reimspiess. All of these men deserve books written about them, and all of them are the true creators of the People’s Car, for Porsche relied on them and they
worked as a team. It was Reimspiess that made the logo, the same VW still uses today.

13.4
.
Adolf Rosenberger, investor and account for Porsche
: Adolf Rosenberger was Jewish and would resign when Adolf Hitler was elected to office in 1933. Rosenberger left Germany, though Porsche still employed him for some time as their “foreign representative” in the United States and in France. The Porsches and Rosenberger would continue to argue over
finances. Rosenberger would claim that the Porsches had not paid him what he was owed. The Porsches would claim to have helped him flee and to have been giving him money even when he was no longer working for them. After the war, Rosenberger wanted the firm to give him money under the table; they would not. In the end, the Porsches gave him a new Volkswagen, and legally paid him a smaller sum of money than what he’d asked. Rosenberger moved to California and stayed there the
rest of his life.