Authors: Robert Ferguson

The Vikings (63 page)

BOOK: The Vikings

12.24Mb size Format: txt, pdf, ePub

ads

45
.
Mennesket i Middelalderens Norge: Tanker, tro og holdninger 1000- 1300
, by Sverre Bagge (Oslo 1998: 20).

46
. ‘Sagas and Society III: How credible is the picture of slavery in Icelandic literature?’ by Michael Neiss, in
Viking Heritage
, 1 (2001: 8-9).

47
.
The Saga of Gisli
, trans. George Johnston, with notes by Peter Foote (London 1978: 30).

48
.
Eyrbyggja Saga
, trans. with notes by Hermann Pálsson and Paul Edwards (London 1989: 100-101).

49
.
The Viking Achievement
, op. cit., p. 70.

50
.
KHLNM
, vol. 19, p. 14.

51
.
Chronicles of the Vikings
, by R. I. Page (London 2000: 63).

52
.
The Sagas of Icelanders
, ed. Jane Smiley (London 2000: 457-9).

53
.
Konungs skuggsjá
, Chapter XV. Online translation by Laurence Mar cellus Larson at
http://www.mediumaevum.com/75years/mirror/
(accessed 25.11.2007).

54
. ‘Utflytterne i Vest’, op. cit., p. 47.

55
.
The Icelandic Saga
, op. cit., p. 9.

CHAPTER 9 ROLLO AND THE NORMAN COLONY

1
.
Source Book of Medieval History
, ed. Frederic A. Ogg (London 1907: 174).

2
.
The Normans in Europe
, trans. and ed. Elisabeth van Houts (Manchester 2000: 14).

3
. See, for example, ‘Rollo as historical figure’, by Robert Helmerichs. Internet resource at
www.mm.com/user/rob/Rollo/HistoricalRollo.html
(accessed 01.01.2004).

4
. This identification has been made previously in
Dudo of St-Quentin: History of the Normans
, trans. and ed. Eric Christiansen (Woodbridge 1998: xiv).

5
. ibid., p. 40.

6
. ibid., p. 39.

7
.
Heimskringla, or The Lives of the Norse Kings
, by Snorri Sturluson, ed. with notes by Erling Monsen, trans. with the assistance of A. H. Smith (New York 1990: 59).

8
. ibid., p. 60.

9
.
The Normans in Europe
, op. cit., p. 54.

10
. So called to distinguish it from the saga in
Heimskringla
.

11
.
The Saga of King Olaf Trygvasson
, trans. J. Sephton (London 1895: 223).

12
.
The Normans in Europe
, op. cit., p. 15.

13
.
Heimskringla
, op. cit., p. 230.

14
. ‘Le Prétendu Rollon et la Normandie’, by Jean Renaud, in
Les Vikings, premiers Européens. VIII-XI siècle
, ed. Regis Boyer (Paris 2005: 183).

15
. ‘Saga om Gange-Rolv’, in
Sagalitteraturen
, vol. 4 (Oslo 1984: 180).

16
.
Historia Norwegie
, ed. Inger Ekrem and Lars Boje Mortensen, trans. Peter Fisher (Copenhagen 2003: 67).

17
.
Dudo of St-Quentin
, op. cit., p. 46.

18
. Not to be confused with Lothar II’s daughter Gisela, who was given in marriage to the Viking Godfrid in 883. See p. 105.

19
.
The Normans in Europe
, op. cit., p. 25.

20
. ibid., p. 43.

21
.
The Vikings in Brittany
, by Neil Price (London 1989: 83).

22
.
Dudo of St-Quentin
, op. cit., p. 51.

23
.
Normandy before 1066
, by David Bates (London 1982: 22).

24
. ‘Le Prétendu Rollon et la Normandie’, op. cit., p. 194.

25
.
Dudo of St-Quentin
, op. cit., p. 16.

26
. ‘La conversion des Normands peu après 911’, by Olivier Guillot, in
Cahiers de civilisation medievale: Xe-XIIe siècles
, no. 2 (Poitiers 1981, April-June: 110).

27
. ibid., p. 109.

28
.
The Vikings: a very short introduction
, by Julian D. Richards (Oxford 2005: 56).

29
.
The Viking Achievement
, by Peter Foote and David M. Wilson (London 1974: 407).

30
.
The Vikings: a very short introduction
, op. cit., p. 56.

31
. Dudo makes no mention of this, commenting merely that Rollo, ‘full of days, migrated to Christ’.

32
. Quoted in
The Norsemen in the Viking Age
, by Eric Christiansen (Oxford 2002: 268).

33
. ‘Brief presentation of a thesis on the Viking presence in France from the 9th to the 11th century: sources and sets of problems’, by Jean-Christophe Guillon, in
Viking Heritage
, 4 (1998: 5).

34
.
The Vikings in Brittany
, op. cit., p. 56.

35
.
Viking Heritage
, article by Jean-Christophe Guillon, op. cit., p. 6.

36
. ‘Some aspects of Viking research in France’, by Anne Nissen Jaubert, in
Acta Archaeologica
, vol. 71 (2001).

37
. Le Prétendu Rollon et la Normandie’, op. cit., p. 190.

38
.
KHLNM
, vol. 12, p. 339.

39
.
Kampen om Nordvegen
, by Torgrim Titlestad (Stavanger 1996: 16), quoting Lucien Musset.

40
.
Dudo of St-Quentin
, op. cit., p. 49.

41
. ibid., p. 36.

42
. Quoted in
The Normans in Europe
, op. cit., p. 53.

43
. ‘William Longsword’, by Robert Levine. Internet resource at
http://www.bu.edu/english/levine/longsword.htm
(accessed 27.11.2007).

44
.
Normandy before 1066
, op. cit., p. 14.

45
. ‘Normandy, 911-1144’, by Cassandra Potts, in
A Companion to the Anglo-Norman World
, ed. Christopher Harper-Bill and Elisabeth van Houts (Woodbridge 2003: 27).

CHAPTER 10 THE MASTER-BUILDER: HARALD BLUETOOTH AND THE JELLING STONE

1
.
The Penguin History of Europe
, by J. M. Roberts (London 1997: 130-32).

2
.
Adam av Bremen. Beretningen om Hamburg stift, erkebiskopenes bedrifter og øyrikene i Norden
, trans. and ed. Bjørg Tosterud Danielsen and Anne Katrine Frihagen (Oslo 1993: 61) (Book 1, Chapter 55).

3
. ibid., p. 62 (Book 1, Chapter 59).

4
.
The Heroic Age of Scandinavia
, by G. Turville-Petre (London 1951: 92).

5
.
The Viking Achievement
, by Peter Foote and David M. Wilson (London 1974: 377).

6
.
Skalk
, 1 (Feb. 2005: 18).

7
.
A Source Book of Medieval History
, by F. A. Ogg (New York 1907: 199).

8
. The scene on the seventh bronze is too badly mutilated to identify.

9
.
Rundata
, DR 42.

10
. ‘Crucifixion iconography in Viking Scandinavia’, by Signe Horn Fugle sang, in
Proceedings of the Eighth Viking Congress
, ed. Hans Bekker-Nielsen, Peter Foote and Olaf Olsen (Odense 1981: 87-9).

11
.
Gods and Myths of Northern Europe
, by H. R. Ellis Davidson (London 1976: 148).

12
.
Aschehougs Norgeshistorie
, b. 1,
Fra jeger til bonde - inntil 800 e.kr
, by Arnvid Lillehammer (Oslo 2005: 246).

13
. ‘Runeinnskrifter som kilde til historiske hendelser i vikingtiden’, by James E. Knirk, in
Nytt Lys på Middelalderen
(Oslo 1997: 87).

14
.
Rundata
, Sö 333.

15
. ibid., Sö 179.

16
. ibid., Ö 11.

17
. ibid., DR 216.

18
. ‘Oseberggraven-Haugbrottet’, by A. W. Brøgger, in
Viking Tidsskrift for norrøn arkeologi
, vol. IX, (Oslo 1945: 20-21).

19
.
Rundata
, DR 26.

20
.
Vikingarnas egna ord
, by Lars Magnar Enoksen (Lund 2003: 178).

21
.
The Viking-Age Rune-Stones: custom and commemoration in early medieval Scandinavia
, by Birgit Sawyer (Oxford 2000); see also
Chronicles of the Vikings
, by R. I. Page (London 2000: 74-6).

22
.
Vikingarnas egna ord
op. cit., pp. 139-48.

23
.
The Works of Sven Aggesen
, trans. with introduction and notes by Eric Christiansen (London 1992: 56).

24
.
The Saga of the Jomsvikings
, trans. Lee M. Hollander (Austin 1990: 34).

25
.
De Kongelige Monumenter i Jelling
, by Steen Hvass (Jelling 2000: 17).

26
.
The Saga of Grettir the Strong
, trans. G. A. Hight (London 1982: 45).

27
.
The Book of the Settlements
, in
The Norse Atlantic Saga
, by Gwyn Jones (Oxford 1986: 161).

28
. ‘Oseberggraven-Haugbrottet’, op. cit., p.5.

29
.
Fra Hammer til Kors
, ed. Jan Ingar Hansen and Knut G. Bjerva (Oslo 1994: 85).

30
.
Vikinger i Vestfold 2006
(Sandefjord 2006: 10).

31
. ‘Myth and reality: the contribution of archaeology’, paper delivered by John Hines at the Eleventh International Saga Conference, Sydney 2000. Internet resource at
http://www.arts.usyd.edu.au/departs/medieval/saga/pdf/165-hines.pdf
(accessed 25.07.2008).

32
.
De Kongelige Monumenter i Jelling
, op. cit., p. 26.

33
.
The Russian Primary Chronicle
says that, in 1044, Jaroslav the Wise had the remains of Svyatoslov’s sons Jaropolk and Oleg baptized and moved to the Church of the Holy Virgin.
The Russian Primary Chronicle
, ed. Samuel H. Cross (Cambridge, Mass. 1930: 228).

34
.
Vikingetidens Jelling
, by Hans Ole Matthiesen (Jelling 2004: 22).

35
.
The Works of Sven Aggesen
, op. cit., p. 61.

36
. ‘Cnut’s Scandinavian Empire’, by Peter Sawyer, in
The Reign of Cnut: King of England, Denmark and Norway
, ed. A. R. Rumble (London 1994: 12).

37
.
Vikingatiden i Skåne
, by Fredrik Svanberg (Lund 2000: 77).

38
. Recent satellite images of the area around Rygge in the Norwegian Østfold reveal a structure that in shape and size suggests another ring-fort. See Frans-Arne Stylegar’s article at
http://arkeologi.blogspot.com/2005/03/en-trelleborg-i-rygge.html
.

39
. ‘Water routes in pre-Mongol Rus’, in
The Eastern World of the Vikings
, by E. A. Melnikova (Gothenburg 1996: 43).

40
.
Skalk
, 5 (2001). Article by Kåre Johannessen.

41
. Poul Nørlund, extract printed in
Danmark i vikingetiden
, ed. Carl og Esben Harding Sørensen (Århus 1980: 127).

42
.
De Kongelige Monumenter i Jelling
, op. cit., p. 32.

43
.
The Works of Sven Aggesen
, op. cit., p. 61.

44
.
Adam av Bremen
, op. cit., p. 83.

45
. ‘Facts and fancy in Jomsvikinga saga’, by Leszek P. Slupecki. Pre-print of a conference paper delivered at the Thirteenth International Saga Conference, 6-12 August 2006, Durham and York. Internet resource at
www.dur.ac.uk/medieval.www./sagaconf/sagapps.htm
(accessed 29.11.2007).

46
.
The Saga of the Jomsvikings
, op.cit., p. 63.

47
. ibid., p. 110.

48
. ‘The Vikings bare their filed teeth’, by Caroline Arcini, in
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
(December 2005, 128 (4): 727-33).

CHAPTER 11 THE DANELAW II: ASSIMILATION

1
.
EHD
, p. 416.

2
. ibid.

3
. ‘Defining the Danelaw’, by Katherine Holman, in
Viking and the Danelaw: Select papers from the Proceedings of the Thirteenth Viking Congress
, ed. J. Graham-Campbell, Richard Hall, Judith Jesch and David N. Parsons (Oxford 2001: 2).

4
. ibid., p. 5.

5
.
Viking Treasure from the North West - the Cuerdale Hoard in Context
, ed. James Graham-Campbell (National Museums and Galleries in Merseyside 1992).

6
.
Ingimund’s Saga: Norwegian Wirral
, by Stephen Harding (Birkenhead 2006: 21).

7
.
Dagbladet
, 27.11.2007.

8
.
The Medieval Foundations of England
, by G. O. Sayles (London 1950: 105).

9
.
EHD
, p. 214.

10
.
Who’s Who in Roman Britain and Anglo-Saxon England
, by Richard Fletcher (Mechanicsburg 2002: 146).

11
.
EHD
, p. 217.

12
.
The Formation of England 550-1042
, by H. P. R. Finberg (St Albans 1976: 147).

13
. ibid., p. 142.

14
.
EHD
, p. 38.

15
.
Who’s Who in Roman Britain and Anglo-Saxon England
, op. cit., p. 153.

16
. Internet resource at
http://www.lse.co.uk/ShowStory.asp
. (accessed 24.07.2007).

17
.
Ingimund’s Saga
, op. cit., pp. 121ff.