| 2. Ibid., 35. For an interpretation of the figure of the non-Jewish Jew, especially in relation to American life, see Mark Shechner, After the Revolution: Studies in the Contemporary Jewish American Imagination (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987), 1213, 240242.
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| 3. Fredric Jameson, "Postmodernism, or The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism," New Left Review 146 (JulyAugust 1984): 66.
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| 4. Benjamin, Illuminations, 255.
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| 5. See Ozick, Art and Ardor, 155177, 238248; Marshall Berman, All That Is Solid Melts Into Air: The Experience of Modernity (New York: Penguin, 1988), 910, and "Why Modernism Still Matters," Tikkun 4, No. 1 (January/February 1989): 8284.
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| 6. Revault D'Allonnes, Musical Variations On Jewish Thought, 77.
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| 7. Saul Friedlander, Reflections of Nazism: An Essay on Kitsch and Death, trans. Thomas Weyr (New York: Harper & Row, 1984), passim .
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| 8. Jameson, "Postmodernism," 66.
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| 9. Jean-Francois Lyotard, The Post-Modern Condition: A Report on Knowledge, trans. Geoff Bennington & Brian Massumi (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984), xxiv.
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| 10. Lionel Trilling, Beyond Culture: Essays on Literature and Learning (New York: Viking, 1968), 184.
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| 11. Franz Kafka, "Letter to His Father," trans. Richard and Clara Winston, in The Basic Kafka (New York: Washington Square Press, 1979), 216.
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| 12. John Murray Cuddihy, The Ordeal of Civility: Freud, Marx, Levi-Strauss, and the Jewish Struggle With Modernity (New York: Basic Books, 1974), 38.
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| 13. Ibid., 40.
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