The Fantastic Laboratory of Dr. Weigl: How Two Brave Scientists Battled Typhus and Sabotaged the Nazis (56 page)

Such scientific missions
:
Jerzy Chmielowski, interview with author, May 2011.

They delivered it to Ludwik
:
Hirszfeld,
One Life
, 267–69; Szybalski, “Genius”; Andrzej Wincewicz et al., “Rudolph Weigl, (1883–1957)—A Scientist in Poland in Wartime Plus Ration quam vis,”
Journal of Medical Biography
15 (2007): 114.

The German doctors Robert
:
M. Gromulska, “Pa
stwowy Zakład Higieny w czasie wojny w latach 1939–1944,”
Przeglad epidemiologiczny
62 (2008): 719–25.

Kudicke’s private secretary
:
Edward Zubik and Irena Gamota, interview with Ryszard Wójcik, 1983.

In Lwów, the Jewish survivor
:
Frank Stiffel, interview with author, Jan. 2011.

“
Dr Weigel, an outstanding bacteriologist
”:
Szpilman,
Pianist
, 17–18.

Although the ghetto inhabitants
:
Raoul Hilberg et al., eds.,
The Warsaw Diary of Adam Czerniakow: Prelude to Doom
, trans. Stanislaw Staron et al. (New York: Stein and Day, 1979), 324.

On July 20, 1941, the mathematician
:
Hugo Steinhaus,
Wspomnienia i zapiski
(Wrocław: ATUTA, 2010), 202–3.

Chapter 6: Parasites

The Soviets abandoned
:
Christoph Mick,
Kriegserfahrungen in einer multiethnischen Stadt: Lemberg 1914–1947
(Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2011), 512–13.

The Nazis, meanwhile
:
Teresa Prekerowa, “Relief Council for the Jews, 1942–1945,” in
The Jews in Poland
, ed. Chimen Abramsky et al. (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986), 163–67; Józef Garli
ski,
Poland in the Second World War
(New York: Hippocrene Books, 1985), 45.

In the weeks before
:
Shoah Foundation, Hornstein.

The Lwów chapter
:
Mick,
Kriegserfahrungen
, 520–22.

There he used his skills
:
Yitzhak Sternberg,
Under Assumed Identity
(Israel: Ghetto Fighters Press, 1986), 49, 83–87.

More than 130,000 Jews died
:
Mick,
Kriegserfahrungen
, 500–501; David Kahane,
Lvov Ghetto Diary
, trans. Jerzy Michalowicz (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1990), 141–42; Stefan Szende,
The Promise Hitler Kept
(New York: Roy, 1945), 50–51; Eliyahu Yones,
Smoke in the Sand: The Jews of Lvov in the War Years 1939–1945
(New York: Gefen, 2004); Leon W. Wells,
The Death Brigade
(New York: Macmillan, 1963), 123–24.

Before abandoning Lwów for
:
Dieter Schenk,
Der Lemberger Professorenmord und der Holocaust in Ostgalizien
(Bonn: Dietz, 2007), 86–87; Eva Szybalski,
Lwów, a City Lost: Memories of a Cherished Childhood
, 130. The book is a first-person account by Szybalski’s father, Stanisław, brother of Wacław Szybalski. It is published online at home.comcast.net/~julsta/szybalski.pdf.

A Russian chauffeur who
:
Wacław Szybalski, interview with author, July 2011.

Amid plundering and arson
:
Schenk,
Professorenmord
, 88–91; Lala Fischman and Steven Weingartner,
Lala’s Story: A Memoir of the Holocaust
(Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1997), 90–91.

Clocks set to
:
Mick,
Kriegserfahrungen
, 493.

The first posters went
:
Frank Stiffel
, The Tale of the Ring: A Kaddish
(New York: Bantam Books, 1984), 38–39.

The morning of July 3
:
Schenk,
Professorenmord
, 11.

“
I heard the howling
”:
Benedikt Friedman,
Ich träumte von Brot und Büchern
(Vienna: Promedia, 1992), 52–53.

Staff at Weigl’s . . . “spectacle of death”
:
Kry
ski, “Kartki 37,” accessed at http://lwow.home.pl/weigl/krynski.html.

A firing squad
:
Shoah Foundation, Hornstein; Kurt I. Lewin,
A Journey through Illusions
(Santa Barbara: Fithian Press, 1994), 30–37; Marek Redner,
Recollections on the Life and Martyrdom of Jewish Medical Doctors in the Lvov Ghetto
(n.p.: A. S. Redner, 2003), 8.

A Nazi propaganda film
:
Deutsche Wochenschau, “Lvov/Lemberg massacre; Jews arrested,” USHMM, RG-60.0267, tape 201; “Jews beaten, bodies, crowd (Lwow),” RG-60.0328, tape 202B.

“
We could see them beating Jews
”:
Shoah Foundation, Alex Redner.

The number of Jews murdered
:
Mick,
Kriegserfahrungen
, 500; Szende,
Promise
, 50–51. See also John-Paul Himka, “The Lviv Pogrom of 1941: The Germans, Ukrainian Nationalists and the Carnival Crowd,” in
Canadian Slavonic Papers
8 (2011): 209–42.

The last order
:
Kahane,
Diary
, 10, 32; Janina Opie
ska-Blauth,
Drogi i spotkania
(Lublin: Wydawnictwo Lubelskie, 1979), 78–81; Tom Gross, “Goodbye, Golden Rose,”
Guardian
(Manchester), Sept. 2, 2011, accessed at http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/sep/02/ukraine-holocaust-denial-lviv/print.

Hitler had ordered
:
Schenk,
Professorenmord
, 114.

Things went differently
:
Ibid., 121–24.

The pediatrician Franciszek Groër
:
Ibid., 124.

The dapper playwright
:
Wanda Ladniewska-Blankenheim, YVA, testimony O.3/3118.

The crime scene was
:
Jadwiga Złotorzycka, “Professor Rudolf Weigl (1883–1957) i jego instytut,” in
Analecta: Studia i materiały z dziejów nauki
1 (1998), accessed at http://lwow.home.pl/analecta.html.

Two days later
:
Peter Eyer, personal communication with author, Aug. 2011.

“
Anyone who witnesses
”:
Weigl, “Pokoj,” in
Zwyci
y
tyfus: Instytut Rudolfa Weigla we Lwowie: Dokumenty i wspomnienia
, ed. Zbigniew Stuchly (Wrocław: Sudety, 2001).

German officials who
:
Andrzej Wincewicz et al., “Rudolph Weigl, (1883–1957)—A Scientist in Poland in Wartime Plus Ration quam vis,”
Journal of Medical Biography
15 (2007), 111; Rafal Bubnicki, “Polak z krwi I ko
ci” (Pole of flesh and blood),
Rzeczpospolita
11 (1994).