The Age of Atheists: How We Have Sought to Live Since the Death of God (75 page)

2
. Knight, op
.
cit., pp. 21–24.

3
. Ibid., p. 36.

4
. Ibid., p. 43.

5
. Ibid., p. 45.

6
. Ibid., p. 54.

7
. Ibid., p. 77.

8
. Michael Roberts,
T. E. Hulme
, London: Faber, 1938, p. 83.

9
. Roberts, op
.
cit., p. 248.

10
. Karen Csengeri (ed.),
The Collected Writings of T. E. Hulme
, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994, p. 140.

11
. Tom Regan,
Bloomsbury’s Prophet: G. E. Moore and the Development of His Moral Philosophy
, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986, p. 35.

12
. Regan, op
.
cit., p. 8.

13
. Ibid., p. 23.

14
. Ibid., p. 28.

15
. Ibid., p. 169.

16
. Thomas Baldwin,
G. E. Moore
, London: Routledge, 1990, Part III. See also Paul Levy,
G. E. Moore and the Cambridge Apostles
, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1979.

17
. Regan, op. cit., p. 202.

18
. Ibid., pp. 209–10.

19
. Ibid., p. 240.

20
. Ibid., p. 265.

21
. Ronald W. Clark,
Freud: The Man and the Cause
, New York: Random House, 1980, p. 349.

22
. Clark, op
.
cit., p. 350.

23
. Penguin Freud Library, Sigmund Freud,
The Origins of Religion
, London: 1985, p. 40 (vol. 31 of Freud’s
Collected Works
, p. 13).

24
. Ibid.

25
. Quoted in Henry Idema III,
Freud, Religion and the Roaring Twenties, A Psychoanalytic Theory of Secularization in Three Novelists: Anderson, Hemingway and Fitzgerald
, Savage, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1990, pp. 5–6.

26
. Penguin Freud Library, op
.
cit., p. 40.

27
. Clark, op
.
cit., p. 352.

28
. Ibid., p. 355.

29
. Peter Gay,
A Godless Jew: Freud, Atheism and the Making of Psychoanalysis
, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1987, p. 147.

CHAPTER 4: HEAVEN: NOT A LOCATION BUT A DIRECTION

1
. Robert Hughes,
The Shock of the New
, London and New York: Thames & Hudson, 1980, 1991, p. 9.

2
. Hughes, op
.
cit., p. 10.

3
. Ibid., p. 36.

4
. Otto Reinert (ed.),
Strindberg: A Collection of Critical Essays
, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1971, p. 16.

5
. Malcolm Bradbury and James McFarlane (eds.),
Modernism: A Guide to European Literature 1890–1930
, London: Penguin Books, 1976, 1991, p. 499.

6
. Ibid.

7
. Errol Durbach,
Ibsen the Romantic: Analogues of Paradise in the Later Plays
, London: Macmillan, 1982, pp. 4–5.

8
. Durbach, op
.
cit., p. 6.

9
. Ibid., p. 7.

10
. Bradbury and McFarlane, op
.
cit., p. 501.

11
. Durbach, op
.
cit., p. 15.

12
. Ibid., p. 9.

13
. Ibid., p. 26.

14
. Toril Moi,
Henrik Ibsen and the Birth of Modernism: Art, Theater, Philosophy
, New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. John Northam,
Ibsen: A Cultural Study
, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University press, 1973, pp. 222–23.

15
. Durbach, op
.
cit., p. 129.

16
. Ibid., pp. 177–79.

17
. Naomi Lebowitz,
Ibsen and the Great World
, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1990, pp. 82, 95, 100, 107.

18
. Durbach, op
.
cit., p. 192.

19
. Reinert, op
.
cit., p. 8.

20
. Ibid., p. 33.

21
. John Ward,
The Social and Religious Plays of Strindberg
, London: Athlone Press; Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1980.

22
. Reinert, op
.
cit., p. 81.

23
. J. L. Wisenthal (ed.),
Shaw and Ibsen: Bernard Shaw’s The Quintessence of Ibsenism and Related Writings
, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1979, pp. 30–51.

24
. Robert F. Whitman,
Shaw and the Play of Ideas
, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1977, p. 23.

25
. Whitman, op
.
cit., p. 36.

26
. Ibid., p. 37.

27
. Ibid., p. 41.

28
. Ibid., p. 42.

29
. Sally Peters,
Bernard Shaw: The Ascent of the Superman
, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1996, p. 95.

30
. Whitman, op
.
cit., p. 98.

31
. Ibid., p. 109.

32
. A. M. Gibbs,
The Art and Mind of Shaw
, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1983, pp. 32ff.

33
. Whitman, op
.
cit., p. 131.

34
. Ibid., p. 139.

35
. Gareth Griffith,
Socialism and Superior Brains: The Political Thought of Bernard Shaw
, London: Routledge, 1993, p. 159.

36
. Whitman, op
.
cit., p. 201.

37
. Ibid., pp. 208–9.

38
. Ibid., p. 226.

39
. Bernard Shaw,
John Bull’s Other Island; and Major Barbara; also How He Lied to Her Husband
, London: Constable, 1911.

40
. Whitman, op
.
cit., p. 236.

41
. Ibid., p. 242.

42
. J. L. Wisenthal,
Shaw’s Sense of History
, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988, pp. 121ff.

43
. Whitman, op
.
cit., p. 278.

44
. Ibid., p. 286.

45
. Joe Andrew,
Russian Writers and Society in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century
, London: Macmillan, 1982, p. 152.

46
. Andrew, op
.
cit., p. 153.

47
. Ibid., p. 163.

48
. Ibid., p. 168.

49
. Philip Callo,
Chekhov: The Hidden Ground: A Biography
, London: Constable, 1998, p. 296.

50
. Andrew, op
.
cit., p. 184.

51
. Ibid., p. 189.

CHAPTER 5: VISIONS OF EDEN: THE WORSHIP OF COLOR, METAL, SPEED AND THE MOMENT

1
. Robert Hughes,
The Shock of the New: Art and the Century of Change
, London and New York: Thames & Hudson, 1980, 1991, p. 9.

2
. Hughes, op
.
cit., pp. 118–21.

3
. Ibid., p. 124.

4
. Ibid., p. 114.

5
. Delmore Schwartz,
Seurat’s Sunday Afternoon along the Seine
[a pamphlet], Warwick: Greville Press, 2011.

6
. Hughes, op
.
cit., p. 139.

7
. Ibid., p. 141.

8
. Christine Poggi,
Inventing Futurism: The Art and Politics of Artificial Optimism
, Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2009, pp. 1–16.

9
. Hughes, op
.
cit., p. 61.

10
. Ibid.,
p. 273.

11
. Ibid., p. 277.

12
. Ibid.

13
. Roger Shattuck,
The Banquet Years: The Origins of the Avant-Garde in France 1885 to World War I
, London and New York: Vintage, 1968, p. 40. It is from this book that I have taken the term “avant-guerre” for Part One’s title.

14
. Shattuck, op
.
cit., p. 32.

15
. Ibid., p. 33.

16
. Hanna Segal,
Dreams, Phantasy and Art
, Hove: Brunner-Routledge, 1991, pp. 86–87.

17
. Hughes, op
.
cit., p. 41.

18
. Ibid., p. 331.

19
. David A. Wragg,
Wyndham Lewis and the Philosophy of Art in Early Modernist Britain: Creating a Political Aesthetic
, Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 2005, p. 336.

20
. Hughes, op
.
cit., p. 345.

21
. Ibid., p. 348.

CHAPTER 6: THE INSISTENCE OF DESIRE

1
. Everett Knight,
Literature Considered as Philosophy: The French Example
, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1957, p. 97.

2
. Harold March,
Gide and the Hound of Heaven
, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1952, p. 312.

3
. March, op
.
cit., p. 231.

4
. Knight, op
.
cit., p. 81.

5
. March, op
.
cit., pp. 262, 362.

6
. Ibid., p. 385.

7
. Knight, op
.
cit., p. 98.

8
. March, op
.
cit., p. 298.

9
. Knight, op
.
cit., p. 99.

10
. Ibid., p. 105.

11
. Ibid., p. 112.

12
. Roger Kempf,
Avec André Gide
, Paris: Grasset, 2000, p. 45.

13
. Knight, op
.
cit., p. 123.

14
. Pericles Lewis,
Religious Experience and the Modernist Novel
, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2010, p. 57.

15
. Ross Posnock,
The Trial of Curiosity: Henry and William James and the Challenge of Modernity
, New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991, pp. 29–34.

16
. Lewis, op
.
cit., p. 55.

17
. Ibid., p. 57.

18
. Ibid., p. 60.

19
. Ibid., p. 61.

20
. William James,
The Varieties of Religious Experience
, New York: Longmans Green, 1925 (35th imp.). See also Michael Ferrari (ed.),
The Varieties: Centenary Essays
, Exeter: Imprint Academic, 2002.

21
. Lewis, op
.
cit., p. 78.

22
. Rosalynn D. Haynes,
H. G. Wells: Discoverer of the Future
, London and Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1980, p. 242.

23
. Haynes, op
.
cit., p. 86.

24
. Ibid., p. 96.

25
. Ibid., p. 124.

26
. Ibid., pp. 125–27.

27
. Michael Sherborne,
H. G. Wells: Another Kind of Life
, London: Peter Owen, 2010, p. 239.

28
. Haynes, op
.
cit., p. 95.

29
. W. Warren Wagar,
H. G. Wells: Traversing Time
, Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 2004, chapters 3, 6, 9 and 11.

30
. Haynes, op
.
cit., pp. 148–50.

31
. Ibid., p. 151.

32
. See John Partington,
Building Cosmopolis: The Political Thought of H. G. Wells
, Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003, chapter 3 for general context.

33
. See also Roger Shattuck,
Proust’s Way: A Field Guide to
In Search of Lost Time, London: Allen Lane, 2000, p. 212.

34
. Lewis, op
.
cit., p. 86.

35
. Ibid.

36
. Margaret Topping,
Proust’s Gods: Christian and Mythological Figures of Speech in the Works of Marcel Proust
, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.

37
. Lewis, op
.
cit., p. 83.

38
. Ibid., p. 92.

39
. Ibid., pp. 97–98.

40
. Ibid., p. 109.

CHAPTER 7: THE ANGEL IN OUR CHEEK

1
. Jean-Paul Sartre,
Mallarmé, or the Poet of Nothingness
, trans. Ernest Sturm, University Park and London: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1988, p. 4.

2
. Sartre, op
.
cit., p. 94.

3
. Ibid., p. 145.

4
. Anna Balakian,
The Fiction of the Poet: From Mallarmé to the Post-Symbolist Mode
, Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 1992, p. 4.

5
. Balakian, op
.
cit., p. 7.

6
. Ibid., p. 16.

7
. Ibid., p. 17.

8
. Sartre, op
.
cit., p. 188.

9
. Balakian, op
.
cit., p. 42.

10
. Robert E. Norton,
Secret Germany: Stefan George and His Circle
, Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2002, p. 504.

11
. Norton, op. cit., p. xii.

12
. Ibid., p. 74.

13
. Ibid., p. 135.

14
. Ibid., p. 225.

15
. Melissa Lane and Martin A. Ruehl,
A Poet’s Reich: Politics and Culture in the George Circle
, Rochester, NY: Camden House, 2001, pp. 91–94.

16
. Norton, op
.
cit., p. 230.

17
. Ibid., p. 267.

18
. Ibid., p. 286.

19
. Jens Rieckmann (ed.),
A Companion to the Works of Stefan George
, Rochester, NY: Camden House, 2005, pp. 145, 189.

20
. Norton, op
.
cit., p. 410.

21
. Ibid., pp. 412–13.

22
. Ibid., p. 429.

23
. Lane and Ruehl, op
.
cit., pp. 58ff and 91ff.