Kaiser's Holocaust (57 page)

39
. See, for example, B. Lau, ‘Uncertain Certainties’, in
History and Historiography
(Windhoek: Namibian National Archives, 1995).

40
. ZBU 454, D.IV.l.3, vol. 1, pp. 58–9.

41
. Deaths in the military concentration camp, which was begun early February 1905, until 29 May were 399 prisoners out of 1,100 – 111 of these died in the last two weeks of May. ZBU 454, D.IV.l.3, vol. 1, pp. 58–9.

42
. Ibid.

43
. Ibid.

44
. BAB, Colonial Department, File 2118, p. 157.

45
. Ibid., pp. 152–6.

46
. ELCN, RMS Correspondence VII 31.1, Swakopmund 1–7, Eich to Vedder, 19 June 1905.

47
. NAN, BSW 107, VA/10/6.

1
. C. W. Erichsen, ‘
The Angel of Death Has Descended Violently among Them
’:
Concentration Camps and Prisoners-
of-War in Namibia, 1904–08
(Leiden: African Studies Centre, 2005); H. Drechsler,
Let Us Die Fighting
(Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1986); Jon M. Bridgeman,
The Revolt of the Hereros
(Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1981); T. Leutwein,
Elf Jahre Gouverneur in Deutsch-Suedwestafrika
(Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn, 1907); W. Nuhn,
Feind Ueberall
(Bonn: Bernard & Graefe Verlag, 2000); W. Hillebrecht, ‘The Nama and the War in the South’, in J. Zimmerer and J. Zeller (eds),
Genocide in German South-West Africa:
the Colonial War of 1904–1908 and Its Aftermath (Monmouth:
Merlin Press Ltd., 2008), pp. 143–59.

2
. Leutwein,
Elf Jahre
.

3
. Drechsler,
Let Us Die Fighting
, pp. 182–3; Union of South Africa,
Report on the
Natives of South-West Africa and Their Treatment by Germany
(London: HMSO, 1918).

4
. NAN, Accession 507, Missionary Berger Memoirs: ‘Drie Jare by Hendrik Witbooi’, pp. 14–15.

5
. BAB, Colonial Department, File 2133, pp. 32–4.

6
. I. Goldblatt,
The History of South West Africa: From the Beginning of the
Nineteenth Century
(Cape Town: Juta and Co. Ltd, 1971), pp. 147–8.

7
.
South African News
, 31 May 1904.

8
. Drechsler,
Let Us Die Fighting
, p. 143.

9
. Ibid., p. 184.

10
. ELCN, RMS, Missions-berichte January 1905, pp. 25–31, 39–45.

11
. Ibid., pp. 39–45.

12
. C. W. Erichsen,
What the Elders Used to Say
(Windhoek: Namibia Institute for Democracy, 2008), pp. 20–31.

13
.
Kriegsgeschichtlichen Abteilung I des Grossen Generalstabes, Die Kaempfe der
deutschen Truppen in Suedwestafrika: Band
2 (Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn, 1907), pp. 17–19.

14
. A German solider present at Auob remembers how the Nama taunted them mid-battle. ‘Scorning remarks were shouted at us, like “Are Deutschmanns thirsty? Here is plenty of water.” They displayed filled canteens of water in
front of us. Again, one of our officers was severely wounded, shot from behind. Another Lieutenant charged the enemy alone. Four bullets struck him down, dead.’ C. Jitschin,
Als Reiter in Suedwest
(Breslau: Flemmings Verlag, 1937), pp. 89–90.

15
. O. Trautmann,
Im Herero und Hottentottenland
(Oldenburg: Gerhard Stalling, 1913), p. 121.

16
. Jitschin,
Als Reiter
, p. 130.

17
. Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck,
Mein Leben
(Biberach an der Riss: Koehlers, 1957), pp. 87–8.

18
. Drechsler,
Let Us Die Fighting
, p. 187.

19
.
Cape Times
, 29 May 1906.

20
. In an official communication to the parents of E. L. Presgrave upon his death at German hands in 1907, he was described in the following manner: ‘Mr. E. L. Presgrave is reported to have acted as “Secretary” and adviser to Marengo, one of the Rebel leaders, and His Majesty’s Government are informed by the German authorities that it has been ascertained that he took part in the fight at Narugas on 11 March and in a patrol fight at Bissiport [aka Pisseport] in April 1905.’ Cape Archives, Correspondence file no. 868, p. 1.

21
. Drechsler,
Let Us Die Fighting
, p. 220 n. 16.

22
. Ibid., p. 193.

23
. Ibid., p. 187; M. Bayer,
Mit Haputquartier in Suedwestafrika
(Berlin: Wilhelm Weicher Marine und Kolonialverlag, 1909), p. 225.

24
. NAN, BKE 220, B. II. & 4. a. spec. 1, pp. 7–8.

25
. Some sources note that Lieutenant Thilo von Trotha was the general’s son. However, Maximilian Bayer, who travelled through most of the operational areas with the general, claims the younger Trotha was a nephew. Bayer,
Mit
Haputquartier
, p. 261;
Kriegsgeschichtlichen Abteilung I
, pp. 119–20.

26
. Nuhn,
Feind Ueberall
, p. 175.

27
. ZBU 465, D. IV. m.3. vol. 1, p 30; BKE 305, G. A. 10/2 ‘Secret Files: Uprising 1904–05’, pp. 77–86;
Kriegsgeschichtlichen Abteilung I
, pp. 180–83.

28
. BKE 305, G. A. 10/2 ‘Secret Files: Uprising 1904–05’, p. 79.

29
. NAN, Accession 507, Missionary Berger, p. 37.

30
. BKE 305, G. A. 10/2 ‘Secret Files: Uprising 1904–05’, pp. 77–86;
Kriegsgeschichtlichen Abteilung I
, pp. 180–83.

31
See, for example, von Estorff’s dire assessment of the situation facing the German army. L. von Estorff, ‘Kriegserlebnisse in Suedwestafrika’,
Militaer-wochenblatt
3 (1911), p. 95.

32
. Nuhn,
Feind Ueberall
, p. 176.

33
.
Kriegsgeschichtlichen Abteilung I
, p. 185.

1
. NAN, Photo Library: Arrival of Lindequist; Bundesarchiv Koblenz, Kl. Erwerbungen, Nachlass Lindequist, File 275; NAN,
Biographies: Lindequist
; H. Vedder,
Kurze Geschichten aus einem langen Leben
(Wuppertal-Barmen: Verlag der Rheinischen Missions-Gesellschaft, 1953), pp. 145–7; ELCN, RMS, Missions-berichte 1906. G. I. Schrank, ‘German South-West Africa: Social and Economic Aspects of Its History, 1884–1915’, unpublished Ph. D. thesis (New York: New York University, 1974), p. 206.

2
. S. Shaw,
William of Germany
(Dublin: Trinity College, 1913).

3
. G. I. Schrank, ‘German South-West Africa’, p. 206.

4
. NAN, Vedder Quellen, 29A, p. 99.

5
. NAN, ZBU 454, D. VI. l.3, vol. 1, pp. 187–8.

6
. Vedder,
Kurze Geschichten
, pp. 145–7; ELCN, RMS, Missions-berichte 1906, pp. 34–6.

7
. Ibid.

8
. ELCN, RMS, Missions-berichte 1906, pp. 36–7; NAN, Vedder Quellen, 29A, pp. 99–100.

9
. ELCN, RMS, Missions-berichte 1906, pp. 36–7; H. Drechsler,
Let Us Die
Fighting
(Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1986), pp. 207–10, 227 n. 161.

10
. C. W. Erichsen, ‘
The Angel of Death Has Decended Violently among Them’:
Concentration Camps and Prisoners-
of-War in Namibia, 1904–08
(Leiden: African Studies Centre, 2005), pp. 28–44.

11
. ELCN, RMS, Missions-berichte 1906, p. 167.

12
. NAN, ZBU 2369 Secret Files: Witbooi-Hottentotten, VIII. g. vol. 1, p. 8; ELCN, RMS, Missions-berichte 1906, pp. 67–8.

13
. ELCN, RMS, Missions-berichte 1906, pp. 67–8.

14
. W. Nuhn,
Feind Ueberall
(Bonn: Bernard & Graefe Verlag, 2000), p. 179.

15
.
Kriegsgeschichtlichen Abteilung I des Grossen Generalstabes, Die Kaempfe der
deutschen Truppen in Suedwestafrika: Band
2 (Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn, 1907), pp. 180–3; NAN, ZBU 2369 Secret Files: Witbooi-Hottentotten, VIII. g. vol. 1, p 44 (old pagination).

16
. NAN, ZBU 2369 Secret Files: Witbooi-Hottentotten, VIII. g. vol. 1, pp. 52–5.

17
. F. Dincklage-Campe,
Deutsche Reiter in Suedwest
(Berlin: Deutsches Verlagshaus Bong, 1908), p. 14.

18
. Erichsen, ‘
The Angel of Death
’, pp. 42–51.

19
.
Windhuker Nachrichten
, 22 March 1906.

20
. Ibid.

21
. G. Pool,
Die Herero-Opstand 1904–07
(Cape Town: Hollandsch Afrikaansche Uitgevers Maatschappij, 1979), p. 270.

22
. J. Silvester and J. Gewald,
Words Cannot Be Found: German Colonial Rule in
Namibia
(Leiden: Brill, 2003), p. 178.

23
. NAN, ZBU 456, D IV. l.3, vol. 5, p. 170.

24
. Ibid.

25
. L. Schultze, ‘Südwestafrika’, in H. Meyer (ed.),
Das Deutsche Kolonialreich
, vol. 2 (Leipzig: Verlag des Bibliographischen Instituts, 1914), p. 295.

26
.
Der Deutsche
, 1 August 1906, as cited in Nuhn,
Feind Ueberall
, p. 266.

1
. H. F. B. Walker,
A Doctor’s Diary in Damaraland
(London: Edward Arnold, 1917), Chapter X, 18 July.

2
. C.W. Erichsen, ‘
The Angel of Death Has Descended Violently among Them
’:
Concentration Camps and Prisoners-
of-War in Namibia, 1904–08
(Leiden: African Studies Centre, 2005), pp. 65–9.

3
. ELCN, RMS, Correspondence VII. 31, Swakopmund 1–7, Eich to Vedder 24 May 1905.

4
. Ibid., Eich to Vedder 16 December 1905.

5
. H. Vedder,
Kurze Geschichten aus einem langen Leben
(Wuppertal-Barmen:
Verlag der Rheinischen Missions-Gesellschaft, 1953), p. 139.

6
. NAN, ZBU 456, D IV. l.3, vol. 5, p. 98.

7
. Ibid., p. 106b.

8
. Kuhlmann as quoted in I. Hull,
Absolute Destruction
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2005), p. 78.

9
.
Cape Argus
, 28 September 1905.

10
. Ibid.

11
. Erichsen, ‘
The Angel of Death
’, pp. 88–94.

12
. L. Sinclair (ed.),
Collins German Dictionary Plus Grammar
(Glasgow: HarperCollins Publishers, 2001).

13
. See J. Grobler,
Mail and Guardian
(Johannesburg), 13–19 March 1998.

14
. B. Auer,
In Suedwestafrika gegen die Hereros
(Berlin: Ernst Hofmann & Co., 1911), pp. 189, 208.

15
. F. Cornell,
The Glamour of Prospecting
(New York: F. A. Stokes, 1920).

16
. NAN, ZBU 2369, Witbooi Geheimakten, pp. 103–4.

17
. There were two missionaries in Lüderitz due to the many prisoners sent there, because these were seen by the mission as souls still in need of saving. Missionary Laaf was the first to arrive, in December 1905, and was later followed by Nyhof.

18
. NAN, ZBU 2369, Witbooi Geheimakten, pp. 103–4.

19
. Union of South Africa,
Report on the Natives of South-West Africa and Their
Treatment by Germany
(London: HMSO, 1918), Chapter XX, testimony by Samuel Kariko.

20
. Cornell,
Glamour of Prospecting
.

21
. NAN, ZBU 2369, Witbooi Geheimakten, pp. 93–6.

22
. NAN, HBS 52, 28 November 1906.

23
. Ibid., 24 December 1906.

24
. NAN, ZBU 2369, Witbooi Geheimakten, p. 116.

25
. Ibid., pp. 102–3.

26
. Archiv der Vereinten Evangelischen Mission Wuppertal-Barmen, RMG 2.509a, C/h 23a, Bl. 348, letter the Rhenish Mission Society in Barmen, Inspector Spiecker by hand.

27
. NAN, ZBU 2396, Witbooi Geheimakten, pp. 96a–96b.

28
. Ibid.

29
. Ibid., pp. 97–8.

30
. Ibid.

31
. H. Drechsler,
Let Us Die Fighting
(Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1986), p. 211.

32
. NAN, ZBU 2369, Witbooi Geheimakten, ‘Todesinsel’, Bezirksamtman Zülow to Gov. 6/01/07, pp. 120–30.

33
. Cape Archives, PMO 227–35/07, British Military Attaché, Col. F. Trench to British Embassy, Berlin, 21 November 1906.

34
. Erichsen, ‘
The Angel of Death
’, p. 155.

35
. Ibid.

36
. Notably this debate was watched by a contingent from German South-West Africa including Governor Lindequist and Major Bayer, who had come to support the cause.
Stenographische Berichte uber die Verhandlungen des deutschen
Reichstages
, 11. Legislature, II. Session. 1905/1907. Reichstag. – 140. Sitzung. 13 December 1906, p. 4367.

37
. Union of South Africa,
Report on the Natives of South-West Africa
, Chapter XX.

38
. J. Zimmerer and J. Zeller (eds),
Genocide in German South-West Africa: the 
Colonial War of 1904–1908 and Its Aftermath
(Monmouth: Merlin Press Ltd., 2008), pp. 76–7.

39
. Zürn to Luschan, 25 June 1905. MfV,1B 39, vol. 1 775/05. Quoted in A. Zimmerman,
Anthropology and Antihumanism in Imperial Germany
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001), p. 245.