Kaiser's Holocaust (56 page)

4
. Richard Weikart,
From Darwin to Hitler
(New York and Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), p. 205.

5
. Theodore Roosevelt,
The Winning of the West
(Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1995), vol. 1, p. 63.

6
. The US census of 1890 suggested that westward migration into unsettled regions had, to all intents and purposes, come to an end and the frontier had ceased to exist – other than in the American psyche.

7
. See for example K. May,
Winnetou
(Bamberg: Karl-May-Verlag, 1953) or discussion thereof in S. Friedrichsmeyer, S. Lennox and S. Zantop,
The Imperialist
Imagination: German Colonialism and Its Legacy
(Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1998).

8
. F. Ratzel,
Deutschland
(Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co., 1943); idem,
Anthropo-
Geographie
(Stuttgart: Elibron Classics Series, 2005); A. Dorpalen,
The World
of General Haushofer
(New York: Farrar & Rinehart, Inc., 1942); C. O. Sauer, ‘The Formative Years of Ratzel in the United States’,
Annals of the Association
of American Geographers
61.2 (June 1971); G. Buttmann,
Friedrich Ratzel: Leben
und Werk eines deutschen Geographen 1844–1904
(Stuttgart: Wissenschaftliches Verlagsgesellschaft, 1977).

9
. See, for example, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek,
Ratzeliana
I.2, Luschan to Ratzel (March 1897).

10
. Sven Linqvist,
Exterminate All the Brutes
(New York: New Press, 1996), p. 144.

11
. Weikart,
From Darwin to Hitler
, p. 194.

12
. Jon M. Bridgeman,
The Revolt of the Hereros
(Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1981), p. 57.

13
. Paul Rohrbach,
Der Deutsche Gedanke in der Welt
(Düsseldorf: Langewiesche, 1912), pp. 141–2.

14
. Clarence Lusane,
Hitler’s Black Victims
(New York and London: Routledge, 2002), p. 43.

15
. Rohrbach,
Der Deutsche Gedanke
, pp. 141–2.

16
. H. Drechsler,
Let Us Die Fighting
(Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1986), p. 106.

17
. Helmut Bley,
Namibia under German Rule
(Hamburg: LIT, 1996), p. 130; Brenda Bravenboer and Walter Rusch,
The First 100 Years of State Railways in
Namibia
(Windhoek: TransNamib Museum, 1997), p. 16.

18
. Bley,
Namibia under German Rule
, p. 133.

19
. NAN, BKE 222, B. II.74. d, vol. 6, p. 48.

20
. Quoted in Klaus Dierks,
Chronology of Namibian History
(Windhoek: Namibia Scientific Society, 2002), p. 92.

21
. Bley,
Namibia under German Rule
, pp. 139–40.

22
. Drechsler,
Let Us Die Fighting
, p. 136.

23
. J. Silvester and J. Gewald,
Words Cannot Be Found: German Colonial Rule in
Namibia
(Leiden: Brill, 2003), p. 96.

24
. C. W. Erichsen,
What the Elders Used to Say
(Windhoek: Namibia Institute for Democracy, 2008), pp. 22–3.

1
. G. Pool,
Samuel Maharero
(Windhoek: Gamsberg Macmillan, 1991); J. Gewald,
Herero Heroes
(Oxford: James Currey, 1999); H. Drechsler,
Let Us Die Fighting
(Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1986); I. Hull,
Absolute Destruction
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2005); J. Zimmerer and J. Zeller (eds),
Genocide in
German South-West Africa: the Colonial War of 1904–1908 and Its Aftermath
(Monmouth: Merlin Press Ltd., 2008); C. W. Erichsen,
What the Elders Used to
Say
(Windhoek: Namibia Institute for Democracy, 2008).

2
. J. Gewald,
Towards Redemption
(Leiden: CNWS, 1996), pp. 188–9.

3
. Ibid., p. 193.

4
. Ibid., pp. 185–6.

5
. National Archives of Namibia, Accession 71, ‘Ludwig Conradt’, Erinnerungen aus zwanzigjährigem Händler- und Farmerleben in Deutsch-Südwestafrika, p. 250.

6
. A. Zimmerman, ‘Adventures in the Skin Trade’, in H. Glenn Penny and Matti Bunzl (eds),
Worldly Provincialism: German Anthropology in the Age of Empire
(Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2003), p. 175.

7
. This official tally is inscribed at the foot of a German colonial monument still standing in the Namibian capital Windhoek.

8
. Pool,
Samuel Maharero
, p. 211.

9
. C. Rust,
Krieg und Frieden im Hereroland
(Berlin, 1905), pp. 190–5.

10
.
Cape Times
, 23 April 1904.

11
. One of very few voices of reason came from Missionary Irle, who wrote to the influential newspaper
Der Reichsbote
: ‘Certain newspapers report that the Herero have perpetrated terrible atrocities, alleging that they have massacred settler wives as well as castrating many men. With reference to the latter allegation, they have done this with the whites who have raped their women in a most brutal manner. With reference to the [white] women who are supposed to have been butchered and disembowelled, this is pure fabrication. Mrs Pilet and her sister Frauenstein, Mrs Külbel and her children in Oriambo, Mrs Lange and her sister in Klein Barmen, Mrs Bremen and her five children in Otjonjati … all are alive and well, they are not dead.’ Quoted in Drechsler,
Let Us Die Fighting
, p. 146.

12
. See Gesine Kruger, ‘Beasts & Victims’, in Zimmerer and Zeller (eds),
Genocide in
German South-West Africa
.

13
. Drechsler,
Let Us Die Fighting
, p. 142.

14
. Quoted ibid., p. 147.

15
. J. Krumbach,
Franz Ritter von Epp: Ein Leben Fuer Deutschland
(Munich: NSDAP, 1940), p. 185.

16
. M. Bayer,
Der Krieg in Südwestafrika und seine Bedeutung für die Entwicklung
der Kolonie
(Leipzig: Verlag von Friedrich Engelmann, 1906), p. 9.

17
. A. Eckl,
S’ist ein uebles Land hier
(Cologne: Ruediger Koeppe Verlag, 2005), p. 220.

18
. Bundesarchiv Berlin (Lichterfelde-West), Colonial Department, File 2133, pp. 89–90.

19
. Pool,
Samuel Maharero
, pp. 232–9; I. Hull,
Absolute Destruction
, pp. 13–22; NAN, Accession 510, ‘Tagebuch von Emil Malzahn 1901–1904 (Unteroffizier)’, pp. 20–4.

20
. Drechsler,
Let Us Die Fighting
, p. 149.

21
. Hull,
Absolute Destruction
, pp. 26–7.

22
. Drechsler,
Let Us Die Fighting
, p. 154.

23
. G. Pape,
Lorang
(Göttingen: Klaus Hesse Verlag, 2003), p. 186.

24
. H. Kuehne, ‘Die Ausrottungsfeldzuege der “Kaiserlichen Schutztruppen in Afrika” und die sozialdemokratischen Reichstagsfraktion’,
Militaergeschichte
18 (1979), p. 211.

25
. Quoted in Hull,
Absolute Destruction
, p. 33, from Otto Dannhauer.

26
. NAN, Accession 453, ‘Helene Gathman’s Diary’, Sunday 17 July 1904, p. 69.

27
. Pool,
Samuel Maharero
, p. 251.

28
. Helmut Bley,
Namibia under German Rule
(Hamburg: LIT, 1996), p. 156.

29
. J. Gewald,
Towards Redemption
, p. 205.

30
. Eckl,
S’ist ein uebles Land hier
; NAN, Acession 510, Tagebuch Malzahn; Pape,
Lorang; Kriegsgeschichtlichen Abteilung I des Grossen Generalstabes, Die
Kaempfe der deutschen Truppen in Suedwestafrika
(Berlin, Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn, 1907).

31
. B. von Bülow,
Denkwürdigkeiten: Band
2 (Berlin: Ullstein, 1930) p. 21; Drechsler,
Let Us Die Fighting,
p. 155.

32
. M. Bayer,
Mit Haputquartier in Suedwestafrika
(Berlin: Wilhelm Weicher Marine und Kolonialverlag, 1909), p. 161.

33
. Adolf Fischer,
Menschen und Tiere in Suedwestafrika
(Berlin: Safari Verlag, 1914).

34
. NAN, Accession 109, ‘Major Stuhlman Diary’.

35
. NAN, Accession 569, ‘Memoirs of Pastor Elger’, pp. 38–40.

36
.
Kriegsgeschichtlichen Abteilung I des Grossen Generalstabes, Die Kaempfe der
deutschen Truppen in Suedwestafrika
(Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn, 1907), pp. 193 and 218.

1
. J. Gewald, ‘The Great General of the Kaiser’,
Botswana Notes and Records
26 (1994), pp. 67–76; A. Eckl,
S’ist ein uebles Land hier
(Cologne: Ruediger Koeppe Verlag, 2005); H. Drechsler,
Let Us Die Fighting
(Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1986).

2
. Most historians mistakenly refer to this event as taking place on 2 October, as this is the date that appears on von Trotha’s so-called Extermination Order.

3
. Gewald, ‘The Great General’, p. 68.

4
. Eckl,
S’ist ein uebles Land hier
, p. 284.

5
. Drechsler,
Let Us Die Fighting
, pp. 160–1; Helmut Bley,
Namibia under German
Rule
(Hamburg: LIT, 1996), p. 164.

6
. Ibid.

7
. Drechsler,
Let Us Die
Fighting, p. 157.

8
. Ibid., p. 159.

9
. ELCN: RMS: V 12 Karibib, 1904.

10
. Union of South Africa,
Report on the Natives of South-West Africa and Their
Treatment by Germany
(London: HMSO, 1918), pp. 117–18.

11
. J. Silvester and J. Gewald,
Words Cannot Be Found: German Colonial Rule in
Namibia
(Leiden: Brill, 2003), pp. 106–7; BAB, Colonial Department, File 2117, pp. 112–16.

12
. Silvester and Gewald,
Words Cannot Be Found
, pp. 106–7.

13
. Bundesarchiv Berlin (BAB), Colonial Department, File 2117, pp. 112–16.

14
. Anonymous,
Tagebuchblaetter aus Suedwest-Afrika
(Berlin: Boll und Pickardt, 1906), pp. 35–6.

15
. Drechsler,
Let Us Die Fighting
, p. 161.

16
. Ibid., p. 163.

17
. BAB, Colonial Department, File 2089, pp. 7–11.

18
. I. Hull,
Absolute Destruction
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2005), p. 30.

19
. Ibid., p. 65.

20
. BAB, Colonial Department, File 2117, p. 59b (insert: pp. 1–57).

21
. Ibid.

22
. Ibid.

23
. ‘Concentration Camps during the Boer War’, Stanford University Library Collection: http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/boers.html.

24
. C.W. Erichsen, ‘
The Angel of Death Has Descended Violently among Them’:
Concentration Camps and Prisoners-
of-War in Namibia, 1904–08
(Leiden: African Studies Centre, 2005), p. 22.

25
. Ibid., pp. 24–8.

26
. NAN, Accession 569, Memoirs of Pastor Elger.

27
. Hull,
Absolute Destruction
, p. 71.

28
. Erichsen ‘
The Angel of Death
’; J. Zimmerer and J. Zeller (eds),
Genocide in
German South-West Africa: the Colonial War of 1904–1908 and Its Aftermath
(Monmouth: Merlin Press Ltd., 2008); J. Gewald,
Herero Heroes
(Oxford: James Currey, 1999); Drechsler,
Let Us Die Fighting; Hull, Absolute Destruction
; J. Gaydish, ‘Fair Treatment is Guaranteed to You: the Swakopmund Prisoner-of-War Camp 1905–1908’, Unpublished conference paper (Windhoek: UNAM, 2000).

29
. NAN, Zentralbureau (ZBU) 454, D.IV.l.3, vol. 1, pp. 58–9.

30
. The Herero elders in the Swakopmund concentration camp wrote a letter to the Mission Head asking for access to translated books of the Old Testament, especially the Book of Moses. According to the author of the letter, the enslavement of the Israelites had some resonance with the prisoners. Evangelical Lutheran Church Namibia (ELCN), RMS, Missions-berichte 1906, p. 120.

31
. ELCN, RMS, Chroniken 31, Swakopmund.

32
. J. Zeller, ‘Ombepera I koza – The Cold is Killing Me’, in Zimmerer and Zeller,
Genocide in German South-West Africa
, pp. 65–83.

33
. Erichsen,
‘The Angel of Death’,
pp. 48–53.

34
.
Kommando der Schutztruppen im Reichskolonialamt, Sanitaets-Bericht Ueber die
Kaiserliche Schutztruppe fuer suedwestafrika waehrend des Herero und
Hottenttotenaufstandes fuer die Zeit vom 1. Januar 1904 bis 31. Maerz 1907.
Erster Band, 1. Administrativer Teil
. (Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn, 1909), pp. 45–50.

35
. NAN, ZBU 454, D.IV.l.3, vol. 2, pp. 336–40; NAN, ZBU 454, D.IV.l.3, vol. 1, p. 163; NAN, BKE 224, vol. 2, 74. d. spec. I, pp. 29–31.

36
. Erichsen, ‘
The Angel of Death
’, pp. 22–3.

37
. NAN, ZBU 2372, IX. H. vol. 1, pp. 58–61.

38
. Cape Archives, GH 23/97, ‘Statement under oath by: Jack Seti, John Culayo and James Tolibadi’, Ministers to Governor, 22 August 1906.