James the Brother of Jesus and the Dead Sea Scrolls II (181 page)

12. 4Q
MMT
II.84–8.

13. Cf., for instance, Exodus 28:36 and 39:30.

14. 1QS VIII.1 and 5–6.

15. 4Q
MMT
II.88–9.

16. See Ps.
Hom
7.8, Koran 2.173, 5.3, 6.146, 16.115, etc.

17. This counter-indication is expressed in the Gospels in several ways: since Jesus
is
the Temple, the various scenes of J
e
sus keeping table-fellowship with and approving of various classes of persons such as
prostitutes
,
tax-collectors
,
Sinners
,
glu
t
tons
(i.e., persons not keeping Mosaic dietary regulations), and the like in Matthew 9:10, 11:19, 21:31 and
pars
. and miraculou
s
ly curing
the deaf
,
the dumb
, and
the blind
(Matthew 9:32, 10:51, 11:5, 12:22, 15:30 and
pars
.) provide vivid examples of this sort of reversal.

18. 4Q
MMT
II.68–70.

19. 1QM I.2–3.

20. Cf. CD VII.13–21 with 1QM I.2–3 and 4Q
MMT
II.68–70.

21. For this ban on
carrion
as applicable specifically to
Priests
or ‘
Sons of Zadok
’ in the Temple, see Ezekiel 44:31.

22. See
War
2.408–420.

23. See 11QT XLVI.10 and XLVII.13ff. and my full Appendix on this subject in
JJHP
, pp. 87–94.

24. The
Temple
is mentioned in 4Q
MMT
II.67, which then leads into II.68–70 about ‘
Jerusalem being the Holy Camp
’ and ‘
the foremost of the Camps of Israel
’.

25. The first such allusion would appear to be Irenaeus in
Ad
. Haer
. 1.23.2, but also see Justin Martyr,
First Apology
1.26, Hippolytus 6.15, Eusebius,
E.H.
2.13.4, Epiphanius,
Haeres
. 21.2.1–3.6, and Ps.
Rec
2.8–12, where she is called ‘
Luna
’.

26. See in particular Ezekiel 44:6–13, disqualifying ‘
the Levites
’ in favor of ‘
the Sons of Zadok
’ on this basis and note that when the Habakkuk
Pesher
describes ‘
the Wicked Priest’
as ‘
not circumcising the foreskin of his heart
’ in XI.13, it is disqualif
y
ing him too from Temple service on this basis.

27. Hippolytus 9.21.

28.
War
2.152–3.

29. See
E.H.
3.33.1–4 which recapitulates the substance of Pliny’s Letter 96 and Trajan’s reply, no. 97. For Simeon’s pu
r
ported death by crucifixion, which also seems to have occurred during the reign of Trajan, see
E.H.
3.32.3–7; for the examin
a
tion of Judas’ two sons, which seems to have occurred under Domitian (d. 96 CE), see 3.20.1–10.

30.
War
2.520.

31. See Dio Cassius 68.3–4 and Origen’s comment in
Contra Celsus
2.13 that the judges even in his time were particularly zealous in applying this law and few escaped death who had run afoul of it.

32. Dio Cassius 68.3–4.

33. See
Git
. 44a, 55b, 58a, and
B.B
. 47b, etc.

34.
Contra Celsus
2.13 and see Jerome, Letter 84 to Pammachius and Oceanus.

35. For fornication, marriage, monogamy, divorce, and adultery, see CD IV.17–V.11, VII.1–3, VIII.3–15, 11QT LVI.11–LVII.19, LXVI.12–17, etc.

36. Hippolytus 9.21; for Josephus’ derivation, in which he only emphasizes the ‘terrorist’ aspect of the appellation, see
War
2.254–7 and
Ant
. 20.186–7.

37. See
Ant
. 20.38–48 and cf. Gen
R
. 46.10.

38. CD XVI.4–7.

39. For this ‘
Land
’ and its association with
Abraham
– to say nothing of
Noah
, ‘
Ad and Thamud
– see Koran 11:25–49, 26.105–49, 29.14–35, etc.

40. The Adiabene family are proverbial for their wealth and largesse in Josephus and Talmudic tradition; see, for instance, the palace Helen and her sons built in Jerusalem in
War
5.252 and 6.355; their tomb, 5.55, 5.119, 5.147, and
Ant
. 20.94–5; the Golden Candelabra, depicted on the Arch of Titus, that was ultimately taken to Rome and probably melted down to help pay for the Colosseum, and the golden handles for vessels used in Temple services on
Yom Kippur
–
Yoma
3:10 (37a); and her fa
m
ine relief in
B.B.
11a, j.
Pe’ah
1:1, 15b/
Tos. Pe’ah
4:18, and
Ant
. 20.49–51, in which Josephus actually remarks the ‘
great amounts of money (Izates) sent to the Leaders in Jerusalem
’ (
B.B.
11a even records how his brother Monobazus – the members of whose family are even described in
Men
. 32b as being so ‘
Pious
’ that they carried
mezuzoth
with them when they traveled and set them up in inns where they stayed, even though temporary dwellings of this nature did not require them – just about be
g
gared the Kingdom with so much charity); so if she was a supporter of the kind of ‘
Nazirite Judaism
’ exemplified at Qumran, there is no reason to suppose that she or her sons could not have supported that installation as well.

41. This is the implication of ‘
the suspected adulteress
’ plaque containing the passage from Numbers 5:12–31 she had erected on the wall of the Temple and the three successive seven-year Nazirite oath penances she observed according to Ra
b
binic tradition in
Naz
. 3:10 (19b–20a) and in
Git
. 60a.

42. See
Ant
. 20.51–53 and, for instance,
E.H
. 2.12.1–3 above (
n.b
., that Eusebius directly follows this up in
E.H
. 2.13:1–7 with the notice about Simon
Magus
’ consort ‘
Helena, who had formerly been a prostitute in Tyre of Phoenicia’
, saying more about her than the ‘
Helen
’ who preceded her which, all things being equal, is certainly very peculiar placement indeed).

43. See
Naz
. 3:10 (19b–20a) and
Git
. 60a above, but also see Josephus in
Ant
. 20.95 who also comments on her great so
r
row which seems to have been a contributing factor to her death almost directly thereafter – she died of a ‘broken heart’. But also see the story of
the ‘Widow of Nain’
in Luke 7:11–17 and how Jesus, as a favor to this grieving
Widow
, resurrects her son (
thus
!).

44. Besides Josephus,
loc. cit
. above, see Pausanius,
In Arcadicis
8.16.5 and Eusebius
E.H.
2.12.3. Moses of Chorene,
History of Armenia
, 2.35 in the 6th Century comments on her ‘
remarkable
’ tomb ‘
before the gates of Jerusalem
’ and he is sure she is
‘the principal of Abgar’s wives
’ (
thus
).

45.
Ket
. 62a–63b and
Ned
. 50a.

46.
Ibid.
; also see
ARN
6.1 (20a).

47.
Shab
. 68b. In our view, this notice clinches the relationship of R. Akiba to the family of the Royal House of Adiabene and its constant sponsorship of revolutionary activity against both Herodians and Romans. If one takes the death of the first Monobazus at around 68 CE and the second at about the same time, then this third ‘
Monobazus
’ can either be the son or grandson of the first or the son of the second, or he may have been a descendant of Izates. In any event, in our view, this would either make him Rachel’s brother or close cousin.

48. See
ARN
6.3 (21a) and
T
a‘
an
19b–20a.

49. M.
T
a
‘
an
3:8,
T
a
‘
an
23a/j.
T
a
‘
an
66b, and
Ber
19a.

50. For
Honi
, who is called ‘
Onias the Righteous’
in Josephus (missing from the account in the
War
), see
Ant
. 14.22–28; for the account of how Aristobulus, whose part
Honi
appears to have taken with his rainmaking before he was stoned, refused to humble himself before Pompey (which differs from the account in the
Antiquities
), see
War
2.128–141.

51. See
Ant
. 2.24–8 in the aftermath of Honi’s (Onias the Righteous’) stoning and cf. 1 Kings 17:1 and 19:9–14 where El
i
jah is ‘
filled with a burning zeal for the Lord
’; and note too in 1 Kings 21:19, following the murder of Naboth of Jezreel, how Elijah prophesies to Ahab that ‘
the dogs will lick your blood too’
(
thus
) – meaning, that all male members and descendants of his family will
‘be swept away’
.

52.
Ta
‘
an
. 20a.

53.
San
. 43a

54. M.
T
a
‘
an
3:8–9, b.
T
a
‘
an
19a, 23a–b, and j.
T
a
‘
an
66b.

55.
San
. 43a. The choice of Scriptural passages given here as reasons for the death of these five would seem to be totally tendentious. Still the reversal involved are quite typical.

56. See Psalm 10:9, 12, 17, etc.

57.
War
2.451 and 628 and
Vita
197ff., 290, 316, and 322.

58.
War
2.451–56.

59.
Ibid
.

60.
War
2.556–8.

61.
War
2.557 and 4.140–6.

62.
War
2.254–57, but in
Ant
. 20.162–68 he only uses the term ‘
Brigands
’ and blames Felix for ‘
bribing
’ them to acco
m
plish this assassination. In
War
4.400–409 he starts to describe the
Sicarii
and how they took over Masada and overran the su
r
rounding countryside.

63.
War
2.451–56.

64. See in particular
War
2.558,
Ant
. 17.30–1, and
Vita
46–61, 177–84, and 407–9.

65. See
War
2.418. For his further activities as a leader of a gang of thugs and final going over to Roman forces whose agent he seems to have been all along, see
War
2.556–8 and
Ant
. 20.214.

66.
War
2.556–8. For Vespasian’s dispatch by Nero in Corinth from Britain to Judea, see
War
3.1–8.