39
Quoted in Hering, “Weather Control,” 181â182.
40
Dyrenforth,
Report of the Agent
, 32.
41
“Government Rainmaking,” 309â310.
42
Scientific American Supplement
, October 17, 1891, 13160.
43
Clarke, “Ode to Pluviculture,” 260.
44
Curtis, “Rain-Making in Texas,” 594.
45
Quoted in
Scientific American Supplement
, October 17, 1891, 13160.
46
Hering, “Weather Control,” 182.
47
Blake, “Can We Make It Rain?” 296â297.
48
Blake, “Rain Making,” 420.
49
Moore, “Famine,” 45â46.
50
“Another Rain Controller,” 113.
51
Harrington, “Weather Making,” 47.
52
Brown, “Tower and Dynamite Detonator.”
3. Rain Fakers
1
Hering,
Foibles and Fallacies of Science
, 240.
2
Seneca,
Naturales Quaestiones
, quoted in Frazer, “Some Popular Superstitions,” 142.
3
White,
History of the Warfare
, 1:323â372.
4
Arago,
Meteorological Essays
, 219.
5
Lomax,
Bells and Bellringers
, 20.
6
Arago,
Meteorological Essays
, 211â213.
7
Fitzgerald, “At War with the Clouds,” 629â636; Hering, “Weather Control,” 185.
8
Cerveny,
Freaks of the Storm
, 36.
9
Abbe, “Hail Shooting in Italy,” 358.
10
Owning the Weather
(Greene).
11
Humphreys,
Rain Making
, 1.
12
News clipping, undated, Franklin Papers.
13
Franklin, “Weather Control,” 496â497.
14
Franklin, “Much-Needed Change of Emphasis,” 452.
15
Franklin, “Weather Control,” 496â497.
16
Franklin, “Weather Prediction and Weather Control,” 378.
17
Abbe, “Cannonade Against Hail Storms,” 738â739.
18
Caldwell, “Some Kansas Rain Makers,” 309.
19
Spence,
Rainmakers
, 52â63.
21
“Kansas All Right Now She Has Ten Rainmaking Outfits Ready for Service,”
St. Louis Republic
, April 25, 1894, 12
22
“A Successful Rainmaker: How Clayton B. Jewell Coaxes Moisture from Cloudless Skies,”
Columbus Enquirer-Sun
, August 12, 1894, 6.
23
Tate and Tate,
Good Old Days Country Wisdom
, 95â96.
24
“Unfortunate Rain-maker,” 735.
25
Quoted in T. E. Murtaugh, “Rainmaker C. M. Hatfield as Seen at Close Range,”
Los Angeles Examiner
, March 19, 1904, reprinted in
San Antonio Daily Express
, April 2, 1905, 8.
26
Moore, “Fake Rainmaking,” 153.
27
Patterson, “Hatfield the Rainmaker,” n.p.
29
Canada, House of Commons,
Official Report of Debates
, 562
30
Tuthill, “Hatfield the Rainmaker,” 107â110.
31
Jenkins,
Wizard of Sun City
, 5â6.
32
Patterson, “Hatfield the Rainmaker,” n.p.; Spence,
Rainmakers
, 79â99.
33
Seattle Post Intelligencer
, July 17, 1920, reprinted in
Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
1 (1920): 80â82.
34
“Rain Maker Asked to Turn Off Faucets,”
Wyoming State Tribune
, May 23, 1921, 2.
35
“Rainmaker Makes Hit: Dr. Hatfield Biggest Hero in Italy Today,”
Morning Oregonian
, September 2, 1922, 4; “Rainmaker Fails,” 591.
36
Carpenter, “Alleged Manufacture of Rain,” 377.
37
Liebling,
Honest Rainmaker
, 9.
38
“Sykes Sells Sunshine,” 40; Spence,
Rainmakers
, 128â131.
39
Liebling,
Honest Rainmaker
, 38.
40
“Belmont Park to Test Rainmaker's Magic,”
New York Times
, September 10, 1930, 23; “Rainmaker Fails in Test,”
New York Times
, September 16, 1930, 11; Liebling,
Honest Rainmaker
, 47â48.
41
Goodstein, “Tales in and out of âMillikan's School,'” n.p.
42
Fleming, “Sverre Petterssen,” 79.
43
Petterssen,
Weathering the Storm
, 181â182.
45
Roger Hammond to Irving Langmuir, February 3, 1950, copy in Vonnegut Papers.
46
Willard Haselbach, “âRain Maker of the Rockies': History's Biggest Weather Experiment Underway,”
Denver Post
, April 22, 1951, 17A.
47
“Brief History of Artificial Weather”; Changnon, “Paradox of Planned Weather Modification,” 29.
48
James Y. Nicol, “Weather's Miracle Man,”
Star Weekly Magazine
, April 6, 1957, 10â11.
49
Kobler, “Stormy Sage,” 69â70.
50
Bundgaard and Cale, “Irving P. Krick.”
54
Webb County Commissioners, “Official Minutes,” April 14, 2003.
55
Raul Casso, Webb County, Texas, chief of staff (2003), in Berler, KGNS-TV broadcasts.
56
Berler, KGNS-TV broadcasts.
57
Guerra, “Stormy Weather,” 6.
58
McAdie, “Natural Rain-makers,” 77.
59
Carpenter, “Alleged Manufacture of Rain,” 376â377.
60
Jordan, “Art of Pluviculture.”
61
Humphreys,
Rain Making
, vii.
62
National Academy of Sciences,
Critical Issues
, 3â4.
63
Fleming, “Fixing the Weather”; Fleming, “The Pathological History.”
4. Foggy Thinking
1
McAdie, “Control of Fog,” 36.
2
Shakespeare,
Hamlet
, act 2, scene 2; Coleridge,
Rime of the Ancient Mariner
, 12; Doyle,
Study in Scarlet
, 27.
3
Abbe, “Tugrin Fog Dispeller,” 17.
4
Williams,
Climate of Great Britain
, cited in Jankovic,
Reading the Skies
, 1.
5
Fleming,
Meteorology in America
, 26â27.
6
Lodge, “Electrical Precipitation,” 34.
7
Balsillie, “Process and Apparatus for Causing Precipitation.”
8
Bancroft to Warren, August 23, 1920, Bancroft Papers.
9
Warren to Bancroft, May 21, 1921, Bancroft Papers.
10
Chaffee, “Second Report on Dust Charging.”
11
Warren to Bancroft, September 19, 1921, Bancroft Papers.
12
“Fliers Bring Rain with Electric Sand,”
New York Times
, February 12, 1923, 3.
13
“Wright Sees Sand Rip Clouds Away,”
New York Times
, February 18, 1923, E1.
14
Smith, “Dr. WarrenâRain Maker.”
15
Warren to Bancroft, July 11, 1922, Bancroft Papers.
16
Talman, “Can We Control the Weather?”
17
“Rain-making Not Feasible Says U.S. Weather Bureau,” U.S. Department of Agriculture press release, March 21, 1923,
New York Tribune
and
New York Times
, clippings in Bancroft Papers.
19
Cornell Daily Sun
, March 24, 1923, clipping in Bancroft Papers.
20
McFadden, “Is Rainmaking Riddle Solved?” 30.
21
Warren,
Facts and Plans
, 26.
23
Warren,
Facts and Plans
, 7.
24
“Dispersal of Clouds Here Accomplished,”
Hartford Courant
, June 19, 1926, 1; “The Rainmaker Comes to Town,”
Hartford Courant
, June 20, 1926, D1; “Rainmaker Successful for 2d Time,”
Hartford Courant
, August 25, 1926, 1.
25
Warren to Bancroft, telegram, June 18, 1926, Bancroft Papers.
26
“Rainmaker's Work in City Is Completed,”
Hartford Courant
, October 22, 1926, 1.
27
Warren,
Facts and Plans
, 17.
28
Warren to Bancroft, April 7, 1927, May 4, 1928, and February 21, 1929, Bancroft Papers.
29
Servos, “Wilder D. Bancroft,” 4. Spence calls this episode “scientific,” but it was not (
Rainmakers
, 103â115).
30
Quoted in Houghton and Radford, “On the Local Dissipation,” 5.
31
Bergeron, “On the Physics”; Bergeron, “Some Autobiographic Notes.”
32
Houghton and Radford, “On the Local Dissipation,” 13â26.
35
Bowles and Houghton, “Method for the Local Dissipation,” 48â51; “Controlled Weather,” 205; Wylie,
M.I.T. in Perspective
, 80â81.
36
Houghton to N. McL. Sage, July 18, 1940, Office of the President, Institute Archives, MIT.
37
Houghton and Radford, “On the Local Dissipation,” 6.
38
Quoted in Fleming,
Callendar Effect
, 51.
39
Humphreys,
Rain Making
; Brunt, “Artificial Dissipation”; Ogden, “Fog Dispersal.”
40
“FIDO Conference Program”; Banks,
Flame over Britain
.
41
Records of the Petroleum Warfare Department, British National Archives; Banks,
Flame over Britain
.
42
“FIDO Conference Program.”
43
Banks,
Flame over Britain
, 148â150.
44
Williams,
Flying Through Fire
, 20.
45
Banks,
Flame over Britain
.
46
Clarke, “Man-Made Weather,” 188.
47
Ogden, “Fog Dispersal,” 34.
48
Fleming,
Callendar Effect
, 56â59.
50
Ibid., 60; Ogden, “Fog Dispersal,” 38.
51
Gregg, “Address at the Dedication Ceremonies.”
52
“U.S. Weather Chief Hails Achievement of Air Conditioning,”
Chicago Tribune
, July 12, 1934, 4.
53
Devereaux, “Meteorological Service of the Future,” 217.
54
Mindling, “Raymete and the Future.”
55
Devereaux, “Meteorological Service of the Future,” 218.
5. Pathological Science
1
Rosenfeld,
Quintessence of Irving Langmuir
; Suits and Martin, “Irving Langmuir”; Fleming, “Pathological History,” 8â12.
2
Langmuir, “Pathological Science.”
3
Fleagle, “Second Opinions,” 100.
4
Quoted in Langmuir, “Pathological Science,” 11â12.
6
Schaefer, autobiography, chap. 6, Schaefer Papers.
7
Langmuir, “Growth of Particles,” 167â174; Smoke Generation (1940â1947), Schaefer Papers.
8
Schaefer interview; Schaefer to C. Guy Suits, October 10, 1946, Schaefer Papers.
9
Lambright,
Weather Modification
.
10
Gathman, “Method of Producing Rainfall,” 1; Gathman,
Rain Produced at Will
, 27â28.
11
Sanford, “Rain-Making,” 490â491.
12
“Who Owns the Clouds?” 43.
13
McAdie, “Natural Rain-makers,” 80.
15
Grunow, “Der Künstliche Regen,” 602.
16
Veraart,
Meer zonneschijn
.
17
Quoted in Kramer and Rigby, “Selective and Annotated Bibliography,” 191â192.
18
Byers, “History of Weather Modification,” 5â6.
19
Schaefer Laboratory Notebook, July 12, 1946, Schaefer Papers.
21
Langmuir Laboratory Notebook, July 1946, Langmuir Papers.
23
Schaefer Laboratory Notebook, July 31, 1946, Schaefer Papers.
24
Schaefer to Suits, October 10, 1946, Schaefer Papers.
25
Croy, “Rainmakers,” 214.
26
Press release, November 13, 1946, GE Archives.
27
“Scientist Creates Real Snowflakes,”
New York Times
, November 14, 1946, 33.