 | League, September 1956, in Zhang Shuguang and Chen Jian, trans. and eds., "The Emerging Disputes between Beijing and Moscow: Ten Newly Available Chinese Documents, 1956-1958,"
CWIHP Bulletin
6-7 (Winter 1995/1996): 148-51.
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| 69. One of the authors has argued elsewhere that Mao's definition of "equality" was a metaphor that reflected his perception of China's unequal exchanges with foreign countries in the modern era. The implicit aspect of Mao's pursuit of equality was that revolutionary China was in a position to define the international standard of equality. In this sense, China's approach reflected a Chinese superiority mentality. See Chen Jian,
China's Road to the Korean War,
42-3.
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| 70. For good accounts of the Gao Gang affair, see Frederick Teiwes,
Politics at Mao's Court: Gao Gang and Party Factionalism
(Armonk, N.Y.: Sharpe, 1990); Lin Yunhui et al.,
Kaige xingjing de shiqi
[The period of triumphant advance] (Zhengzhou: Henan Renmin, 1989), 319-35.
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| 71. Telegram, Mao Zedong to the CPSU CC, September 1, 1954,
Jianguo yilai Mao Zedong wengao,
vol. 4, 537-8.
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| 72. Shi Zhe,
Zai lishi jüren shenbian,
chap. 20; Wu Lengxi,
Yi Mao zhuxi
[Recalling Chairman Mao] (Beijing: Xinhua, 1994), 2-3; Liu Xiao,
Chushi sulian, banian,
18. These Chinese sources differ on whether the Soviets provided the CCP delegation with a copy of Khrushchev's speech after the secret session. While Shi recalls that the CCP was given a copy the day after the speech was given, Wu Lengxi claims that the Chinese did not know about the contents of the speech until the Xinhua News Agency received the issue of the
New York Times
in which it was published. The
Times
did not, however, as Wu claims, publish the speech on March 10, but almost three months later, on June 4. According to the archival sources now available, it seems that Shi Zhe's recollection is correct. On March 31, 1956, when meeting Soviet ambassador to China Pavel Iudin, Mao Zedong mentioned that "the members of the Chinese delegation who had attended the 20th Congress . . . had brought a copy of Comrade Khrushchev's speech regarding the cult of personality." See Mao's conversation with Iudin, March 31, 1956,
CWIHP Bulletin
6-7 (Winter 1995/1996): 327.
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| 73. Mao Zedong and other CCP leaders later complained repeatedly that Khrushchev's secret speech came as a surprise to the CCP and other Communist parties. See Cong Jin,
Quzhe fazhan de suiyue,
327.
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| 74. See Wu Lengxi,
Yi Mao zhuxi,
4. Wu Lengxi was then director of the New China News Agency and editor-in-chief of
Renmin ribao, [People's daily],
and attended sev-
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