Authors: Dean Buonomano
29
Harris et al., 2009.
30
Julian Linhares, Interview with Archbishop Dom José Cardoso Sobrinho, Veja, March 18, 2009.
31
I base this statement on the fact that the nine-year-old girl suffered not only in the hands of the rapist but as a result of the public ordeal that ensued. In contrast neuroscience tells us that a 15-week-old fetus cannot suffer because it lacks (among many other critical parts of the brain) the wiring that connects the body to the structure that will become a functional cortex (Lee et al., 2005).
32
Gould, 1999.
CHAPTER 9: DEBUGGING
1
Pais, 2000.
2
Although a few reports have suggested the presence of a few abnormal features (Diamond et al., 1985; Witelson et al., 1999), many believe they are within normal range, given the natural variability of human neuroanatomy (Kantha, 1992; Galaburda, 1999; Colombo et al., 2006). Brains are complex and variable. In the same fashion that every face is unique, with enough searching, one could find something unique about anyone’s brain. But that is the nature of biological variability; one cannot point to a unique neuroanatomical feature and claim that it is the cause of a unique personality trait.
3
Planck, 1968.
4
The 2004 report of the National Academy of Sciences provides a detailed review of the studies on autism and vaccines:
Immunization Safety Review: Vaccines and Autism
(
http://books.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=10997
). See also Spector (2009). Investigations into the original paper later revealed the data was faked (Deer, 2011).
5
Levy et al., 2009.
6
Wolfe and Sharp, 2002.
7
Churchill, Speech to the House of Commons, 11 November 1945,
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, Commons, 5th Ser., vol. 444, cols. 206–207.
8
Kalichman, 2009.
9
I’d like to thank Chris Williams for pointing out this to me.
10
Nils et al., 2009.
11
Miles et al., 2010. For a related study see Ackerman et al. (2010).
12
In the Language of the Aymara, natives of Bolivia, language and gestures reveal that the future is represented as being behind them (Núñez and Sweetser, 2006).
13
Camerer et al., 2003; Loewenstein et al., 2007; Thaler and Sunstein, 2008.
14
Madrian and Shea, 2001; Camerer et al., 2003. Other studies have shown that plans in which the default option slowly increases the percentage rate of contribution further enhance retirement savings (Thaler and Benartzi, 2004; Benartzi and Thaler, 2007). For a classic example of the default bias in a study of automobile insurance see Johnson et al. (1993).
15
These and other suggestions are discussed in Camerer et al. (2003); Loewenstein et al. (2007); Thaler and Sunstein (2008).
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