Read Army of Evil: A History of the SS Online
Authors: Adrian Weale
Grynszpan family, 164
Guderian, Heinz, 218, 404
Günther, SS-Major, 345
Gypsies, 172, 190, 193, 228, 245n, 310, 327, 372, 389, 397
Hackenholt, Lorenz, 343, 344, 349
Haganah (Zionist group), 160, 161, 167
Hagen, Herbert, 159, 160, 161, 162
Haig, Field Marshal Douglas, 6
Hallervorden, Julius, 189
Hanfstängl, Ernst “Putzi,” 19
Hanke, Karl, 407
Harrer, Karl, 12
Hartheim Castle, 180, 181, 186, 187, 352, 353
Hartjenstein, Friedrich, 393
Hausser, Paul, 205–6, 210, 211, 212, 213, 222
Heidborn, Anton, 317
Heiden, Erhard, 26, 27, 30, 32, 44, 45, 49
Heines, Edmund, 25, 91
Heinrici, Gotthard, 404
Heinze, Hans, 177–78
Heissmeyer, August, 111, 116, 117
Helldorf, Graf Wolf von, 25
Hering, Gottlieb, 363
Hess, Rudolf, 21, 26, 89, 238
Hesse, 132
Hesse, Fritz, 276, 278
Hewel, Walther, 16, 276
Heyde, Dr. Werner, 97, 182
Heydrich, Reinhard, 74–80
amateurism of, 131, 139, 141
appointed SS Chief of Intelligence (1931), 74, 79–80
assassination of (May 1942), 148–49
bogus Polish attacks and, 138–39
control of police system, 110, 132, 159
deportation of Jews and, 239, 241, 242, 330
von Fritsch affair and, 218
Gestapo and, 86, 90, 131–32, 159, 166, 167
Himmler and, 74, 79–80, 83, 86, 149
“Jewish Question” and, 161–62, 164, 166, 227–28, 327–37
Alfred Naujocks and, 136–38
naval career, 77–78, 79, 112
purge of SA (June/July 1934) and, 91, 92
resettlement scheme and, 237, 239
Ernst Röhm and, 90
RSHA and, 140, 142, 149, 227, 306–8
SD and, 83, 110, 111, 130–31, 133–34, 140, 141, 155, 159
Sipo—Security Police and, 133–34, 140, 159
special task groups in Poland and, 225, 226, 227–28, 242
special task groups in Soviet Union and, 306–8
Wannsee Conference and, 327–37
Hilberg, Raul, 243n, 245, 310, 321, 363, 379
Hildebrandt, Richard, 129, 231
Hillen-Ziegfeld, Arnold, 277
Himmler, Heinrich
agricultural career, 3, 39, 45
anti-Semitism of, 38, 41–42, 66, 323
appoints Heydrich as Chief of Intelligence (1931), 74, 79–80
Auschwitz and, 375
background of, 2–3, 33–37
central organisation of SS and, 74, 110–14, 118, 132, 143, 159
character of, 2–3, 37, 38, 41, 42, 399, 404, 405
Chief of German Police (from 1936), 114, 133, 219, 402
childhood and education, 3, 35–36, 37
Commander of Bavarian Political Police (from April 1933), 83
Commander-in-Chief of Replacement Army, 401, 402, 403, 404
concentration camps and, 84, 95, 97–98, 100, 114
control of policing and security apparatus, 2, 74, 85, 86, 90, 110, 132, 133
criminals in Waffen-SS and, 269–70, 273
Kurt Daluege and, 60–61
deportation of Jews and, 239, 241
as deputy regional leader for Lower Bavaria, 42–43
early SS career (1927–29), 44–45
Theodor Eicke and, 95, 96, 97–98, 105
escape attempt (May 1945), 408–9
euthanasia programme and, 4, 179, 180, 186, 187
family of, 33–36, 37, 38, 39, 41
First World War and, 36–37
Freikorps (Free Corps) and, 37–38
Wilhelm Frick and, 84, 85, 133
von Fritsch affair and, 216–217, 218
German defeat and, 398–99, 405, 407
Hermann Goering and, 85–86, 87, 90, 123
Heydrich and, 74–75, 79, 80, 83, 86, 149
Holocaust and, 151, 320–23, 338, 340, 358, 362, 363, 385, 386, 392, 394, 396
HSSPF (Senior SS and Police Leader) role and, 140, 231, 338, 339–40
Hungary and, 391–92, 393
ideology and, 2, 4, 124, 180, 194, 256, 412–13
in Imperial Flag/War Flag, 39, 40, 41
joins SS (August 1925), 42–43
last meeting with Hitler (20 April 1945), 405
leadership qualities, 3, 37
Marriage Law of SS (December 1931), 64–65
militarised units of SS and, 2, 111,197, 199, 200, 201, 203–4, 205, 206, 210, 215, 219, 246, 247
military commands (1944–45), 403–4
military training/career, 3, 36–37, 38, 39
mistresses of, 408n
motto of SS and, 60–61
National Leader of SS (from January 1929), 2, 33, 46, 48–51, 402, 412
non-German Waffen-SS recruits and, 118, 256, 264, 265, 266–67, 268, 294, 303, 304
NSDAP career, 4, 40–45
observes mass execution (Minsk, 1941), 320, 325
occult beliefs and, 124, 126, 128
organisational skills, 3, 33, 37, 41, 42, 44
peace offer to Western Allies (23 April 1945), 405–6, 407
personal life, 38, 44, 45, 408n
physical criteria for SS recruitment and, 63–64, 203–4
Oswald Pohl and, 112–13, 115
Poland and, 225, 227, 228, 231, 234
police chief of Munich (from March 1933), 73, 80, 83
racial theory and, 2, 61–62, 63–65, 66, 120–21, 256, 413
resettlement scheme and, 237–40
RKF—Reich Commissar for the Strengthening of “Germandom,” 237, 238, 367
Ernst Röhm and, 39, 40, 41, 49, 93
RSHA and, 143, 149, 238
SA and, 42, 43, 49, 59, 90, 91, 92, 93
on Julius Schreck, 30n
Soviet campaign and, 319, 321, 323
stripped of all state and party roles (29 April 1945), 407
suicide of (23 May 1945), 2, 409
“Thoughts on the Treatment of Foreign Populations in the East” (May 1940), 240
university education, 3, 38–39
Waffen-SS and, 251, 254, 264, 266, 267, 268
Himmler, Margarete (“Marga”) (wife of Himmler, née Siegroth), 44, 45
Hindenburg, Oskar von, 71, 82
Hindenburg, Paul von, 68–69, 72–73, 80, 83, 88, 90
death of (August 1934), 94
von Papen and, 69, 70, 71, 73
von Schleicher and, 72–73
historical artefacts, plunder of, 128
Hitler, Adolf
1918–21 period, 10, 11–15
1940 plans for post-WW2, 267
alliance with Hugenberg, 51
anti-Jewish legislation and, 152–53
anti-Semitism of, 13, 21, 67, 192, 224, 306
assumes leadership of NSDAP (1921), 14
Balkans invasion (1941), 296–97
becomes Chancellor (January 1933), 73, 80
becomes President (August 1934), 94
von Blomberg/von Fritsch affairs and, 216–17
bomb plot against (July 1944), 107, 145, 229n, 309n, 400–2
Communism and, 11, 14, 298, 300, 306
criminals in Waffen-SS and, 269
Denmark and, 388
Enabling Act (March 1933), 80, 83, 198
euthanasia programme and, 4, 175–77, 186, 188, 191–92
imprisonment (1923–24), 21, 22, 23–24
inner cadre (
Chauffeureska
), 16, 26, 46, 48
“Jewish Question” and, 166, 232, 235, 240, 241, 242
July 1932–January 1933 period, 69, 70, 72, 73
Kommando
escort, 204
legal parliamentary strategy, 23, 25, 52, 55, 56, 59, 132
Mein Kampf
(My Struggle) (1924), 21, 23, 66–67, 192, 298
Munich
Putsch
anniversary (1938), 165
Munich
Putsch
(November 1923) and, 18, 19–20, 24, 25, 31, 40, 47
non-German Waffen-SS recruits and, 265, 276, 290–91, 300, 303
objectives in Poland, 225, 232, 234
objectives in Soviet Union, 306–7, 310
OKW Supreme Commander, 217, 301
political strategy, 17–18, 21–22, 23, 25, 52, 55, 56, 59, 132
presidential candidate (1932), 68–69
principle of leadership and, 54, 66–67
propaganda and, 45, 53
release from prison (20 December 1924), 23–24, 25
resettlement scheme for ethnic Germans, 237–40
resistance network to within German establishment, 399–402
Ernst Röhm and, 15, 24, 25, 28, 58, 89, 90, 91, 92–93
SA and, 15, 16, 24, 25, 28, 29, 30, 49, 56–58, 59–60, 88–91
SS and, 28, 29, 31, 60, 118, 198–99, 200
SS-Special Purpose Troops and, 200, 212, 215, 219, 220, 246–47
Otto Strasser and, 54–55
suicide of (30 April 1945), 396, 407
trial of (1924), 20–21
universal conscription and, 216
Hoche, Alfred, 173–74
Hoeppner, General, 251
Höfle, Hermann, 340, 364
Hofmann, Otto, 129, 328, 336
Högl, Peter, 407
Höhn, Reinhard, 135, 136
Höhne, Heinz, 32, 40n, 138n, 167, 412
Holocaust, 1
Eichmann and, 144, 192n, 375–76, 384–85, 391
euthanasia programme as precursor of, 169, 184, 191–92, 341
execution method research, 320–21, 343–44, 376–77
“final solution to the Jewish problem,” 135, 168, 169, 327–37
Himmler and, 151, 320–23, 338, 340, 358, 362, 363, 385, 386, 392, 394, 396
Hitler’s secrecy and, 192
Operation Reinhard, 3–4, 321, 325, 327, 338, 340–50, 341n, 353–64, 384
RSHA and, 142–43, 144, 345, 384
stages of, 151
Waffen-SS and, 146, 193, 194, 196, 222, 315–19, 341
Wannsee Conference and, 327–37, 338
see also
extermination/death camps
Höppner, Rolf-Heinz, 325
Horthy, Miklós, 390–92
Höss, Rudolf, 99, 106, 194, 368–70, 375–77, 378, 380, 393, 397
HSSPF (Senior SS and Police Leader) role, 139–40, 231–32, 322, 338, 339, 345
Huber, Franz Josef, 131
Huber, Kurt, 146
Hugenberg, Alfred, 51, 120
Hungary, 262, 263, 264, 271, 293, 303, 304, 330, 332, 335, 381, 392
deportation of Jews from, 335, 390–93
hyperinflation, 14, 17, 25, 40, 51, 52
Ibrahim, Mohammed, 291
IG Farben, 96, 180, 375, 383, 393
Imperial Flag/War Flag (militia), 24, 39, 40–41
Independent Socialists (USPD), 6, 7
India, 287–91, 294
insignia, 61–62, 116, 127, 213, 278, 290
Institute of Aviation Medicine, 100, 102
Irish Republic, 148
Islam, 304
Italy, 97, 296, 335, 388–89, 398, 405
Jäger, Karl, 311
Japan, 152, 262, 290, 327
Jeckeln, Friedrich, 314, 321
Jehovah’s Witnesses, 108–9, 372
Jenne, Richard, 190
Jews
Anschluss
(1938) and, 163
Central Offices for Jewish Emigration, 163, 167, 235, 329
definitions of Jewishness, 151–52, 153, 334
deportation policy, 144, 163, 228, 235–37, 239, 240–42, 329–30, 351–52
deportation to Poland of, 235–37, 239, 330, 337, 385
deportations to Auschwitz, 375, 377–79, 381, 386–93
emigration policy, 156, 160, 161, 162, 167–68, 235, 329–30, 364
estimated numbers of (Heydrich’s figures, 1942), 331–32
euthanasia programme and, 182, 187
German legislation and, 151–55
Gestapo persecution of, 154–55, 159, 167, 235–36, 351–52
ghettoisation of, 228, 239, 242–45, 334, 340, 385
immigration quotas in other countries, 156, 167
inhabitants of Auschwitz town, 367, 375
Jewish councils in ghettos, 243, 244
Madagascar plan, 240–41, 242
Nuremberg Laws (1935), 152–55
Palestine and, 156, 160–62, 167, 168, 235, 391
persecution by local populations, 312, 313–14
Reich Representatives of German Jews, 160
SD and “Jewish Question,” 154, 155–56, 158–62, 163, 167–68, 235, 384
of South-East Europe/the Balkans, 335, 379, 381, 389–93
Wannsee Conference and, 327–37
see also
anti-Semitism; Holocaust
Jews, Polish
councils of “Jewish elders,” 228, 370
German persecution of, 4, 98n, 224–25, 227–29, 232–34, 321–22, 326–27, 371, 377
in Germany/Austria, 164–65
Józéfow massacre (July 1942), 321–22
Operation Reinhard, 4, 321, 325, 327, 338, 340–50, 341n, 353–65, 384
Jews in Soviet Union, 306–7, 310
Babi Yar massacre (September 1941), 314–18
German persecution of, 3, 310–21, 322, 323–24, 331
Jews of Western Europe, 332, 335
deportation of, 167–68, 241, 330, 354, 364, 384–89
deportation to Auschwitz, 375, 384, 385–91
Madagascar plan, 240, 241–42
mass murder of, 354, 355
Jodl, Alfred, 306
Jordan, Wilhelm, 126
Jost, Heinz, 136, 138, 141, 398
Józéfow massacre (July 1942), 321–22
Jüttner, Hans, 118, 214
Kahr, Gustav Ritter von, 17, 18
Kaltenbrunner, Ernst, 149–50, 403, 405, 411
Kampfbund
(Combat League), 17, 18, 24, 40
Kampfverlag (publishing house), 54
Kastner, Rudolf, 391
Kaufbeuren-Irsee asylum, 183, 189, 190
Keitel, Wilhelm, 217, 219
Kershaw, Ian, 53–54
Kielce ghetto, 243
Klagenfurt officer cadet school, 209n
Klein, Fritz, 379
Klop, Major, 147
Klopfer, Gerhard, 328
Knauer family, 176–77, 178
Knöchlein, Fritz, 250–51
Koch, Erich, 229, 238
Koch, Karl, 106–7
Koehl, Robert Lewis, 29, 45
Kolb, Gustav, 175
Koppe, Wilhelm, 231
Korherr, Dr. Richard, 363
Kossovar Albanians, 303
Kostenko, Emil, 354
Kramer, Josef, 371n, 393
Krappe, Kurt, 290
Kriegbaum, Anton, 293
Kristallnacht
(Night of the Broken Glass, November 1938), 107, 166
Kritzinger, Friedrich Wilhelm, 328
Krüger, Friedrich-Wilhelm, 231–32, 338
Ksiazki massacre (September 1939), 258
Kubis, Jan, 148–49
Kühlich, SS-Lieutenant, 281, 282
Kulmhof extermination camp, 325–27, 363
Kurpanik, Karl, 381
Kursell, Otto von, 238
Kuttner, SS-Sergeant, 359
Lammers, Hans, 176
Landsberg prison fortress, 19, 21–22, 23, 24
Lange, Herbert, 227, 326
Lange, Oskar, 277
Lange, Dr. Rudolf, 328, 331
Le Paradis massacre (May 1940), 249–51
leadership, principle of, 54, 65, 66–67
Lechfeld SA camp, 157, 257