America's Fiscal Constitution (103 page)

     
Federal Reserve and,
233
,
234

     
fiscal policies,
4
,
5
,
10
,
151
,
214
,
215
,
215–218
,
219
,
404

     
Korean War/military spending and,
7–8
,
225–227
,
228

     
medical insurance and,
10
,
367

     
military finances and,
214
,
215–218
,
219
,
221
,
225–227
,
228
,
367

     
partisanship and,
4–5

     
post–World War II finances,
214
,
215–218
,
219
,
221

     
reelection,
218–219

     
Roosevelt and,
213

Tsongas, Paul,
307

Turgot, Anne-Robert-Jacques,
27

Tweed, “Boss,”
122

Tyler, John

     
becoming president,
82

     
budget crisis and,
82–83

Ullman, Al,
274
,
276
,
277

Unemployment

     
in 1962,
246

     
benefits/insurance and,
154
,
196
,
197
,
201
,
220
,
240
,
244
,
267
,
274–275
,
292
,
350

     
Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA/1973),
267
,
274–275

     
Great Depression,
183
,
184
,
188
,
194
,
195
,
200
,
202
,
223

     
National Conference on Unemployment (1921),
180

     
policies (early 1900s),
179–180

     
recession in 1970s,
267

     
Recession of 2008 and,
347
,
350
,
353–354
,
357
,
358
(fig.)

Unemployment Insurance Trust Fund,
244

Unified budgets

     
Clinton and,
320–321
,
329
,
351

     
description/benefits,
322–323

     
flaw,
323

United Nations,
226

“United States of America” creation/naming,
1
,
23

United We Stand
(Perot),
309

Van Buren, John,
87

Van Buren, Martin

     
Albany Regency,
72

     
ambassador appointment and,
78

     
background,
71

     
convention (1844) and,
84
,
86

     
election of 1832 and,
78

     
Free Soil convention and,
88

     
Jackson administration and,
76
,
78

     
Jackson presidential election and,
72–75

     
John Quincy Adams opposition and,
69
,
72–75

     
loss of presidency,
82

     
nicknames,
70
,
84

     
political parties and,
71–75
,
82

     
presidential election of 1844 and,
83
,
84

     
presidential selection process,
70
,
71–75

     
rewarding political allies/punishing opponents,
76
,
78

     
skills with political organizations and,
71–75

     
Texas annexation and,
84

     
See also
Panic of 1837

Vandenberg, Arthur

     
background,
192
,
198–199

     
fiscal beliefs/policies,
7
,
10
,
198–199

     
Social Security and,
229
,
295

     
World War II/postwar finances and,
151
,
207
,
211
,
215
,
216
,
217
,
221

Vanderbilt, Cornelius,
151

Vanderlip, Frank,
150–151

Venezuelan crisis,
143–144

Vietnam War

     
costs/financing,
81
,
255–259

     
Johnson and,
255–258

Volcker, Paul

     
Carter and,
272
,
273

     
Federal Reserve policies,
272
,
273

     
inflation and,
273

     
on Reagan/debt,
297

Volpe, John,
254

Voltaire,
38

“Voodoo economics,”
281
,
304

Voting rights

     
African Americans and,
130

     
white males without property and,
64
,
71

     
women,
167

Walker, Robert

     
background,
84
,
86

     
expansion of nation’s borders and,
84–85

     
national banking system,
109
,
149

     
Polk administration and,
84
,
109

     
tax reform and,
85

Walker Tariff (1846),
85

Wall Street Journal
,
280

Wallace, Harry A.

     
background,
193
,
215

     
on employment,
213

     
liberals and,
213
,
218–219
,
229

     
Roosevelt administration,
193
,
213

     
Social Security and,
229

     
World War II/postwar finances and,
213–214
,
215

Wallace, Harry C.,
178

Wanniski, Jude,
279–280

War for Independence debt

     
creditors,
19–20
,
21
,
22
,
23
,
27
,
32

     
Hamilton’s estimates on,
29

     
money owed veterans and,
19–20

     
veteran agitators and,
20

     
views on,
2
,
28
,
30

War for Independence debt/paying

     
Congress billing states,
21

     
import tax and,
20

     
states and,
21
,
29–30

     
subscribers and,
22

     
tax rebellions,
23

War of 1812

     
Battle of New Orleans,
58–59

     
causes,
53–54

     
debt/taxation and,
53

     
end,
57–58

     
Federalist Party and,
61

     
financing/debt,
53
,
54–55
,
56–57
,
58
,
59
,
108
,
213

     
future federal government roles and,
59–60

     
Great Britain vs. US military resources,
54

     
Great Britain’s debt and,
57
,
58

     
Madison and,
53
,
54
,
55–56
,
57
,
59
,
106

     
situation in autumn 1814 and,
55–56
,
57

     
states supporting/opposing,
53–54

War on Terror

     
9/11 attacks and,
331

     
costs/spending,
331–333
,
343
,
344
,
375–376

     
Weinberger Doctrine and,
334

     
See also
Afghanistan War
;
Iraq War

War Revenue Act (1917),
162–163
,
399

Warburg, Paul,
150–151

Washington, George

     
debt and,
1
,
2
,
40–41
,
370

     
election/presidency,
25
,
35–36
,
40–41

     
Philadelphia meeting (1787),
22–23

     
views on political parties,
35–36

     
War for Independence/debt,
19–20
,
21

Watergate burglary,
266

Webster, Daniel,
75
,
77
,
78
,
82
,
89

Weidenbaum, Murray,
294

Weinberger, Caspar,
284
,
288
,
299
,
334

Weinberger Doctrine,
334

Wellesley, Arthur,
57–58

Westmoreland, William,
255

Whigs

     
early leaders,
77
,
93
,
94
,
95

     
election of 1836 and,
79

     
election of 1840 and,
82

     
opposition to Jackson/Van Buren and,
77
,
82

     
origins,
77

     
origins of Republican Party and,
93

     
party disintegration/disappearance,
89

Whiskey tax,
37
,
38

White House Bureau of the Budget creation,
222

White House Council of Economic Advisers creation,
222

Wilhelm, Kaiser,
143–144

Willoughby, Arthur,
171

Wilson, Woodrow

     
1912 convention/campaign,
154

     
1912 election,
154

     
1916 election,
159

     
background,
127
,
152

     
governor,
152–153

     
health problems,
167

     
politics/views,
152
,
154

     
presidency,
155–157
,
159
,
161
,
162
,
165
,
166
,
167
,
171

     
World War I and,
161
,
162
,
165
,
166

     
World War I peace treaty and,
165
,
166
,
167