A Queer History of the United States (38 page)

24.
Letter from American Family Association, quoted in Cindy Patton,
Sex and Germs
(Boston: South End Press, 1986), 85.
[back]

25.
Gayle Rubin, “Thinking Sex: Notes for a Radical Theory of the Politics of Sexuality,” in Vance,
Pleasure and Danger,
267.
[back]

26.
Marc E. Elovitz and P. J. Edwards, “The D.O.H. Papers: Regulating Public Sex in New York City,” in
Policing Public Sex,
ed. Dangerous Bedfellows (Boston: South End Press, 1996), 295.
[back]

27.
Priscilla Alexander, “Bathhouses and Brothels: Symbolic Sites in Discourse and Practice,” in
Policing Public Sex,
221.
[back]

28.
Andrew Sullivan,
Love Undetectable: Notes on Friendship, Sex, and Survival
(New York: Knopf, 1998), 52.
[back]

29.
Allan Bérubé, “The History of Gay Bathhouses,” in
Policing Public Sex,
185.
[back]

30.
Patton,
Sex,
142.
[back]

31.
John J. Cardinal O'Connor, quoted in “Pope Condemns Bias against Victims of AIDS,”
Washington Post,
November 16, 1989.
[back]

32.
Quoted in Malcolm Miles,
Art, Space and the City: Public Art and Urban Futures
(New York: Routledge, 1997), 174.
[back]

Epilogue

1.
William N. Eskridge Jr.,
The Case for Same-Sex Marriage
(New York: Free Press, 1996), 9–10.
[back]

2.
Transcript of closing arguments in
Perry v. Schwarzenegger,
U.S. District Court, Northern District of California, June 16, 2010,
http://www.bilerico.com/2010/06/23/Transcipt of Closing Arguments.pdf
.
[back]

Credits

In chapter 3, “Poem 518” by Emily Dickinson is reprinted by permission of the publishers and the Trustees of Amherst College from The Poems of Emily Dickinson, Ralph W. Franklin, ed., Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Copyright © 1998, 1999 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Copyright © 1951, 1955, 1979, 1983 by President and Fellows of Harvard College.

In chapter 3, the letter to Sue Gilbert by Emily Dickinson is reprinted by permission of the publishers from The Letters of Emily Dickinson, Thomas H. Johnson, ed. Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Copyright © 1958, 1986, The President and Fellows of Harvard College; 1914, 1924, 1923, 1942 by Martha Dickinson Bianchi; 1952 by Alfred Leete Hampson; 1960 by Mary L. Hampson.

In chapter 6, the Kittredge and Lewisohn letters are reprinted courtesy of the Lillian Wald Papers, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University.

In chapter 8, the Jean S. quote from Improper Bostonians (Boston: Beacon, 1998) is reprinted courtesy of The History Project: Documenting GLBT Boston,
www.historyproject.org
.

Index

Please note that page numbers are not accurate for the e-book edition.

1950s: body in, 188–90, 196; censorship in, 182, 197, 200, 201; children in, 190–91; civil rights in, 202, 203; community in, 179–83; consumerism in, 177, 187–88, 193, 200; crime in, 190–91; culture in, 179–83, 190–94, 196, 197–201; dress in, 196; entertainment in, 182, 194–95, 197; equality in, 179–83; fantasies in, 187; feminism in, 202; film in, 190, 191–94, 197–98, 199–200, 223; gender in, 181–82, 196, 200, 201; identity in, 179, 192, 196; journalism in, 180, 181, 184, 188–90, 191, 192, 193, 194; leisure in, 182; LGBT movements in, 179–83, 202; liberty in, 182–83, 185; literature in, 179, 183–91, 197, 200–201, 202–3, 223; marriage in, 190, 194; pleasure in, 192–93; police in, 180, 182, 195; psychology in, 184–87, 190–91, 191–92; public sphere in, 182; race in, 177, 201, 202–3; same-sex relationships in, 177–79, 193–94; social class in, 177

1960s: art in, 199–200; body in, 196, 207–8; censorship in, 195, 199; civil rights in, 203, 204, 206; culture in, 177, 194–96, 197–201, 203–4, 223; desire in, 186, 204; dress in, 196, 204; entertainment in, 194–95, 197–200, 203–4, 237; feminism in, 204, 206–7; gender in, 196, 204; identity in, 196; journalism in, 214–15; language in, 209; LGBT movements in, 207, 208–12, 218–19, 221; liberty in, 207–8, 208–12; literature in, 199, 203, 213; police in, 206, 208, 209–10; privacy in, 209; public sphere in, 209; race in, 177, 198–99, 203, 206; reproduction in, 206–7; Vietnam War in, 205–6, 207–8, 212; violence and, 206, 207–8, 209–10

1970s: censorship in, 214; children in, 218, 219–20, 221, 222–23; civil rights in, 216, 218–24; community in, 216; culture in, 217; deviance in, 240; entertainment in, 215–16, 217, 237; family in, 218, 222, 223; fantasies in, 222; feminism in, 212–14, 218, 221; government in, 218–24; identity in, 221–23; journalism in, 214–15, 223; laws in, 218–24; LGBT movements in, 212–24; liberty in, 212–16, 218–24; literature in, 215; marriage in, 217; morality in, 222; psychol-ogy in, 217–18; race in, 216; religion in, 223–24; same-sex relationships in, 216, 217–18, 222–23; sodomy in, 219; urbanization in, 216, 217; Vietnam War in, 205–6, 221; violence in, 224

1980s, 224–35, 236

1990s, 236–42

abolition: Bible and, 64; citizenship and, 23; Emancipation Proclamation and, 82; identity and, 40; Quakers and, 20; social purity movements and, 84, 87

Abraham, Julie, 108, 109

acquired immune deficiency syndrome, 224–35, 239, 241–42

ACT UP, 231–35

Adams, John, 27, 31

Addams, Jane, 108–9, 147, 148, 206, 213

adoption, 223, 236

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
(Twain), 58

advertising.
See
consumerism

African Americans: in 1950s, 202–3; in 1960s, 198–99; art and, 76–77; Black Panther Party, 206, 211, 214, 216, 229; Black Power movement, 206; the body and, 76–77; civil rights movements and, 91–93, 206; community and, 112–13, 126–28; conservative movements and, 221; entertainment and, 198–99; entertainment and, 163; housing and, 112–13; interracial relationships and, 57; leisure and, 163; literature and, 202–3; military and, 154, 165–66; privacy and, 126–28; public sphere and, 126–28; Red Scare and, 143–44; in San Francisco, 47; slavery and, 21–25; urbanization and, 112–13, 173; violence and, 82, 135–36, 206; World War II and, 154, 163, 165–66, 173.
See also
race

AIDS, 224–35, 239, 241–42

AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power, 231–35

alcohol, 84, 85, 89–90

Alcott, Louisa May, 72, 73, 148

American Civil Liberties Union, 147, 148

American Civil War, 40, 64–66, 68–70

American Civil War era: American Civil War, 40, 64–66, 68–70; art in, 74–77; body in, 65–66, 74–77; citizenship in, 70–71, 78–82; community in, 70–72; correspondence in, 71–72, 73, 77–78; cross-dressing in, 69–70; democracy in, 78–82; desire in, 65–68, 71, 73, 75, 77–81; gender in, 64–66, 68–71, 74–75, 82; identity in, 74–75; journalism in, 70; language in, 1, 77, 78, 80; laws in, 78–82; liberty in, 63, 78–82; literature in, 64, 65–68, 69, 70, 77–82; marriage in, 71–72, 72–74; persecuting society in, 75; religion in, 63–64, 82; same-sex relationships in, 67–68, 70–74, 77–82; science in, 56, 78–79; slavery in, 22, 63, 64; suffrage in, 70; violence in, 40, 63, 64–66, 69

American Friends Service Committee, 203, 206

American Legion, 145, 176

American Revolutionary War, 26, 29–30, 36, 48–49

American Revolutionary War era: American Revolutionary War, 26, 29–30, 36, 48–49; citizenship and, 29; correspondence in, xi, 33–35, 45; cross-dressing in, 35, 36, 37; desire in, xi–xii, 32, 33–34; Enlightenment in, 26–28; friendship in, 32–35; gender in, 28–32, 35–39; identity in, 40, 41; individual in, 28; laws in, 27–28, 30; liberty in, 27–28, 38; literature in, 29–30, 36, 37–39; marriage in, 32–33; Native Americans in, 29; persecuting society in, 39; pleasure in, 34; privacy in, 39; public sphere in, 39; religion in, 26–27, 35–36, 38, 64; same-sex relationships in, 32–35, 36; slavery in, 29; sodomy in, 28, 30; transgender in, 38–39; treason in, 48–49

Amico, Michael, 133

anal sex, 8, 61, 85.
See also
sodomy

anarchism, 91, 92, 93–94, 97–98, 183, 210

Anderson, Robert, 197

Andrews, Stephen Pearl, 81–82

Anger, Kenneth, 199

Another County
(Baldwin), 183, 202

Araxes
(Ulrichs), 78–79

Arkansas, 219

Arrow Collar Man, 138–39

art: in 1960s, 199–200; in American Civil War era, 74–77; the body and, 74–77, 138–39; community and, 126–28; consumerism and, 138–39; democracy and, 77; gender and, 74–75, 138–39; LGBT movements and, 232–34; marginalization and, 127–28; in New York City, 199; privacy and, 126–28; public sphere and, 126–28; race and, 76–77; religion and, 75; social class and, 77; social purity movements and, 86–87.
See also
entertainment; literature

Asch, Sholem, 117

Autobiography of an Androgyne
(Lind), 98–99, 123

Baden-Powell, Robert, 133–34

Baez, Joan, 208

Balboa, Vasco Núñez de, 5

Baldwin, James, 183, 202–3

Bankhead, Tallulah, 121

Bannon, Ann, 187, 188

Barr, James, 168, 183

bathhouses, 227, 228–29

Beat movement, 200–201, 204

beatniks, 200–201

Bell, Book and Candle
(Van Druten), 197

Ben, Lisa (Edith Eyde), 176

berdache, 3–5

Bergler, Edmund, 185–86, 186–87

Berkman, Alexander, 93, 97–98, 143, 151

Bérubé, Allan, xiv, 159, 160, 170, 229

Bethune, Mary McLeod, 149

Better Angel
(Meeker), 126

Bible: in American Civil War era, 64; in American Revolutionary War era, 35–36, 38; David and Jonathan in, 97; gender and, 28, 35–36, 38, 48; laws and, 8; persecuting society and, 64; slavery and, 22–23, 64.
See also
religion

Bieber, Irving, 185–86, 218

Bingham, James Hervey, xi–xii, 33

birth control, 86, 99, 100, 133, 147, 206–7

bisexuals, 218

Black Panther Party, 206, 211, 214, 216, 229

the body: in 1950s, 188–90, 196; in 1960s, 196, 207–8; African Americans and, 76–77; in American Civil War era, 65–66, 74–77; art and, 74–77, 138–39; in colonial era, 12, 17; consumerism and, 137–39; dress and, 196; gender and, 74–75, 137–39, 142, 157, 196; liberty and, 28, 207–8; in literature of the East, 51; Puritanism and, 12, 28; race and, 57–58, 76–77; religion and, 142; violence and, 17; World War II and, 157, 162–63, 167

Bond, Pat, 159–60, 166

Boone, Daniel, 41, 134

Boston: Boston Gay History Project, 10–11; Boston marriages, 72–74; Boston Martyrs, 15; community and, 108, 171, 172, 173; foundation of, 6; population of, 19, 106–7

Boston Gay History Project, 10–11

The Bostonians
(James), 72

Boston marriages, 72–74

Bowers v. Hardwick
, 230

Bowery, 122–23

Bowie, David, 204, 216

Boy Scouts, 133–34, 137

Boys in the Band
, 237

Bradford, William, 14, 16, 25

Brando, Marlon, 190

Bray, Alan, 11, 12, 16, 32

Brewer, Lucy, 37–39

The Brick Foxhole
(Brooks), 169

Briggs, John, 220

Brokeback Mountain
, 237

Brooks, Richard, 169

Brophy, Brigid, 183

brothels, 42, 84, 85–86.
See also
prostitution

Brown, Foreman, 126

Brown, Rita Mae, 212, 213

Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, 71–72

Brown v. Board of Education
, 93

Bryant, Anita, 219–20, 221, 222, 223–24, 237, 240

Buck v. Bell
, 133

Burke, Cannary, xii, 42

burlesque, 113–14, 118

Burns, John Horne, 167–68, 184

Burroughs, Edgar Rice, 135–36

Burroughs, William, 200

Butterfly Man
(Levenson), 126

Cadmus, Paul, 139

Caffe Cino, 198

Calamity Jane, xii, 42

Calhoun, Rory, 192, 194

California, 46–48, 220–21, 239.
See also
Los Angeles; San Francisco

camp, 199

Cannon Towel company, 162–63

capitalism: civil rights and, 212; in colonial era, 2, 5, 17, 19, 22; identity and, xvi, 83, 130; immigration and, 83; Industrial Revolution and, 83; race and, 83, 212; Red Scare and, 145; slavery and, 22.
See also
economy

capital punishment, 9, 14–15, 20

Caprio, Frank S., 185–86

The Captive
(Hornblow), 117

Carpenter, Edward, 77–78, 80–81, 109, 126

Carpenter, Tyler, 158, 160

Casal, Mary, 99

Cashier, Albert, 69–70

Cat on a Hot Tin Roof
(Williams), 197

Cecil Dreeme
(Winthrop), 67

censorship: in 1950s, 182, 197, 200, 201; in 1960s, 195, 199; in 1970s, 214; community and, 182; of entertainment, 104, 116, 117–18, 119, 182, 195, 197, 199; of film, 87; government and, 117–18, 142–43, 145, 146, 157; LGBT movements and, 182; of literature, 125–26, 169–70, 200, 201; of obscenity, 86, 201; of pornography, 214; religion and, 117–18, 119; social purity movements and, 86, 87, 95; World War II and, 157, 169–70

Chaddock, Charles Gilbert, 96–97, 103

Charles I, 6, 7

Chauncey, George, xiv, 47, 111–12, 112–13, 122–23

children: in 1950s, 190–91; in 1970s, 218, 219–20, 221, 222–23; in 1980s, 236; gender and, 131; government and, 148; identity and, 236–37; laws and, 236; LGBT movements and, 181, 218, 219–20, 221, 222–23, 236–37

“Children of Adam” (Whitman), 67

The Children's Hour
(Hellman), 198

Christianity: AIDS and, 226–27, 234–35; in American Civil War era, 63–64; in American Revolutionary War era, 35–36, 38, 64; art and, 75; Emerson and, 50; gender and, 28, 35–36, 38; heterosexuality and, 140–42; laws and, 22–23; LGBT movements and, 219–20, 223–24; persecuting society and, 64; reproduction and, 85; slavery and, 22–23, 64.
See also
individual sects of;
religion

church and state, separation of, 26

Church of England, 6, 7

Cities of the Plain
(Proust), 125

citizenship: in American Civil War era, 70–71, 78–82; in American Revolutionary War era, 29; in colonial era, 21, 23; community and, 70–71, 127; emotion and, 66; eugenics and, 133; feminism and, 56; gender and, 70–71, 134; heterosexuality and, 134; identity and, 134; liberty and, 78–82; military and, 166; privacy and, 39; race and, 127, 134; science and, 78–79; slavery and, 21, 23; social purity movements and, 102–3; World War II and, 152–53, 166

The City and the Pillar
(Vidal), 168

civil disobedience, 56–57, 92, 93, 234–35

Civilian Conservation Corps, 153

civilization, 25, 44–46, 51, 58–62

civil rights: in 1950s, 202, 203; in 1960s, 203, 204, 206; in 1970s, 216, 218–24; AIDS and, 230–35; American Civil Liberties Union, 147, 148; in American Civil War era, 78–80; capitalism and, 212; communism and, 203; conservative movements and, 221; Harlem Renaissance and, 127–28; LGBT movements and, 202, 203, 211–12, 218–24, 230–35, 238–42; movements for, 91–93, 127–28, 202, 203, 206, 211–12, 216, 218–24, 230–35, 238–42; segregation, 92, 93, 108, 112–13, 154; social purity movements and, 91–93; violence and, 206, 241–42.
See also
citizenship; equality; human rights; liberty