1916 (77 page)

Constance Markievicz’s ‘three great movements’ and the 1916 Rising:

1. Irish Citizen
   , 27 September 1913.
   
2. Sheehy Skeffington, Hanna, ‘Reminiscences of an Irish suffragette’, in Sheehy Skeffington, A.D. and Owens, Rosemary (eds),
   Votes for women: Irish women’s struggle for the vote, Attic
   , Dublin, 1975, p. 12. Cousins, J.H. and Cousins, M.E.,
   We two together
   , Ganesh, Madras, India, 1950, p.164.
   
3. Irish Women’s Suffrage Federation annual report 1911–12
   .
   
4. Irish Citizen
   , 7 May 1913. Among societies affiliated in 1913 were the Dublin-based Irish Women’s Reform League, Belfast Women’s Suffrage Society, six branches of the Munster Women’s Franchise League, Connaught Women’s Franchise League, Warrenpoint and Rostrevor Suffrage Society, along with societies in Newry, Lisburn, Nenagh, Birr, Armagh, Portrush, Bushmills, Ballymoney and Derry.
   
5. Chenevix, H., ‘Louie Bennett’ in
   Irish Housewife
   , 1959, p. 36.
   
6. For a comprehensive study of the life and work of Louie Bennett see Cullen Owens, Rosemary,
   Louie Bennett
   , CUP, Cork, 2001.
   
7. Cousins and Cousins,
   We two together
   , p. 185.
   
8. Irish Citizen
   , 17 May 1913.
   
9. Daily Mail
   , 13 May 1911.
   
10. Sheehy Skeffington, ‘Reminiscences’, p. 18.
    
11. Twenty two of these incidents took place in Dublin, the remainder in Belfast and Lisburn. For further detail regarding the militant campaign in Ireland, see Cullen Owens, Rosemary,
    A social history of women in Ireland 1870–1970
    , Gill & Macmillan, Dublin, 2005, pp. 81–107.
    
12. Workers’ Republic
    , 18 December 1915.
    
13. Bean na hÉireann
    , March 1910.
    
14. Keogh, Dermot, ‘Michael O’Lehane and the organisation of linen drapers’ assistants’ in
    Saothar,
    vol. iii, 1977, p. 38.
    
15. Daly, Mary E., ‘Women and Trade Unions’ in Nevin, Donal (ed.),
    Trade union century
    , Mercier, Cork, 1994, p. 107.
    
16. Fox, R.M.,
    Louie Bennett: her life and times
    , Talbot, Dublin, 1958, p. 42.
    
17. Cullen Owens,
    Louie Bennett
    , p. 66.
    
18. ITUC
    Report
    1912, p. 52.
    
19. Sheehy Skeffington, ‘Reminiscences’, p. 17.
    
20. ITUC
    Report
    1914, pp. 77–79.
    
21. Irish Citizen
    , 13 November 1913.
    
22. Irish Citizen
    , 8 November 1913.
    
23. Irish Worker
    , 4 April 1914.
    
24. Connolly, James,
    The re­conquest of Ireland
    , Maunsel, Dublin, 1917, p.291.
    
25. Evans, R.J.,
    The feminists: women’s emancipation movements in Europe, America and Australasia 1840–1920
    , Croom & Helm, London, 1977, p. 238.
    
26. Bean na hÉireann, November 1909, pp. 5–6.
    
27. Irish Independent
    , 2 June 1914.
    
28. Irish Independent
    , 28 May 1914.
    
29. Irish Citizen
    , 2 May 1914.
    
30. Press cutting of letter from Agnes O’Farrelly in scrapbook in Sheehy Skeffington papers, MS 21,616–56, National Library of Ireland. Neither name of paper or exact date is given, but 1911 is written in pencil in margin.
    
31. Irish Citizen
    , 30 May 1914.
    
32. Bean na hÉireann
    , April 1909.
    
33. Ibid
    .
    
34. Constance Markievicz writing in
    Bean na hÉireann
    , July 1909, under her pen-name of Maca.
    
35. Copy of letter from P.H. Pearse to C. Doyle, 30 November 1913, MS 10,486, National Library of Ireland.
    
36. Irish Volunteer
    , 4 April 1914.
    
37. Irish Citizen
    , 11 April 1914. At a meeting of Galway city branch of Cumann na mBan in August 1914, it was regretted that only a hundred men had joined the Volunteers; women present were asked to use their influence to get their brothers and sweethearts to join.
    
38. Urquhart, Diane, ‘“The female of the species is more deadly than the male”? The Ulster Women’s Unionist Council, 1911–40’, in Holmes, Janice, and Urquhart, Diane (eds),
    Coming into the light: the work, politics and religion of women in Ulster 1840–1940
    , IIS, Belfast 1994, p. 94.
    
39. Freeman’s Journal
    , 6 May 1914.
    
40. Irish Independent
    , 8 May 1914.
    
41. Ibid
    .
    
42. Irish Citizen
    , 8 August 1914.
    
43. Minutes of the conference of women delegates to the all-Ireland conference, 12 May 1917, later known as Cumann na dTeachtaire, Sheehy Skeffington papers, MS 21,194, National Library of Ireland. Among the women in attendance at this or at subsequent meetings were Dr Kathleen Lynn, Áine Ceannt, Madeleine Ffrench-Mullen, Helena Molony, Mabel FitzGerald, Kathleen Clarke, Louise Gavan Duffy, Dulcibella Barton, Winifred Carney, Marie Perolz and Alice Ginnell.
    
44. Copy of letter sent to Sinn Féin executive, 1 August 1917,
    Ibid
    . The women proposed by the delegates were Kathleen Clarke, Áine Ceannt, Kathleen Lynn, Jennie Wyse Power, Helena Molony and Mrs Ginnell.
    
45. Ibid
    ., 17 September 1917.
    
46. Ibid
    ., 25 September 1917.
    
47. Ibid
    ., 2 October 1917.
    
48. Ibid
    ., 16 October 1917.
    
49. Irish Citizen
    , November 1917.
    
50. Cumann na dTeachtaire minutes, 2 April 1918, general meeting.
    
51. Ibid
    .
    
52. Ibid
    ., 30 January 1919.
    
53. For details see Cullen Owens, Rosemary,
    Smashing times: a history of the Irish women’s suffrage movement 1889–1922
    , Attic, Dublin 1984, pp. 120– 22.
    
54. Sinn Féin
    , 21 September 1907.
    
55. Cullen Owens,
    Smashing times
    , pp. 122–24.
    
56. Irish Citizen
    , August 1918.
    
57. Ibid
    .
    
58. Ibid
    ., December 1918.
    
59. See Cullen Owens,
    Louie Bennett
    , p. 76–7. Manoeuvrings between Labour and Sinn Féin as to whether Labour should contest this election may have played a role in Bennett’s decision. Ultimately, Labour withdrew from the election.
    
60. Sinn Féin,
    An appeal to the women of Ireland
    , Sinn Féin, Dublin 1918.
    
61. Sinn Fein,
    Tenth convention report
    , October 1917.
    
62. Irish Citizen
    , December 1918.
    
63. Sheehy Skeffington papers, MS 24, 107, National Library of Ireland.
    
64. Irish Citizen
    , April 1919.
    
65. Irish Citizen
    , November 1917.
    
66. Doyle, Damien, ‘Rosamund Jacob (1888–1960)’, in Cullen, Mary and Luddy, Maria (eds),
    Female activists: Irish women and change 1900–1960
    , Woodfield, Dublin, 2001, p. 176.
    
67. Farrell, Brian, ‘Markievicz and the women of the revolution’, in Martin, F.X. (ed.),
    Leaders and men of the 1916 Rising: Dublin 1916
    , Methuen, London, 1967, p. 235.
    
68. Irish Citizen
    , May 1919.
    
69. Ward, Margaret,
    Hanna Sheehy Skeffington: a life
    , Attic, Cork, 1997, p. 221, citing minutes of Cumann na dTeachtaire, 20 September 1917, Sheehy Skeffington papers 24,104,National Library of Ireland.
    
70. Irish Citizen
    , September–December 1920. (The paper had just recently become a quarterly publication).
    
71. Ward,
    Hanna Sheehy Skeffington
    , p. 221.
    
72. O’Callaghan, Margaret, ‘Women and politics in independent Ireland, 1921–68’, in Bourke, Angela et al. (eds),
    The Field Day anthology of Irish writing
    , vol. v, CUP, Cork, 2002, p. 122.
    
73. O’Hegarty, P.S.,
    The victory of Sinn Féin
    , Talbot, Dublin, 1924, p. 58.
    
74. Ibid
    . pp. 102–5
    
75. Quoted in Gialanella Valiulis, Maryann, ‘Defining their role in the new state: Irishwomen’s protest against the Juries Act of 1927’ in
    Canadian Journal of Irish Studies
    , vol. xviii, no. 1, July 1992, p. 44.
    
76. Clancy, Mary, ‘Aspects of women’s contribution to the Oireachtas debate in the Irish Free State, 1922–1937’, in Luddy, Maria, and Murphy, Cliona (eds),
    Women surviving: studies in Irish women’s history in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries
    , Poolbeg, Dublin 1989, p. 218.
    
77. Quoted in Gialanella Valiulis, Maryann, ‘Power, gender and identity in the Irish Free State’, in
    Journal of women’s history
    , vol. vi, no. 4, vol. vii, no. 1, 1995, winter – spring 1995, p. 123.
    
78. Quoted in Gialanella Valiulis, Maryann, ‘Engendering citizenship: women’s relationship to the state in Ireland and the United States in the post-suffrage period’, in Gialanella Valiulis, Maryann and O’Dowd, Mary (eds),
    Women and Irish history
    , Wolfhound, Dublin, 1997, p. 164.
    
79. Quoted in Valiulis, ‘Defining their role’, p. 54.
    
80. With changes in membership during the lifetime of the Joint Committee, groups in the early years included the Girls Friendly Society, the Girl Guides, Irish Countrywomen’s Association, Irish Matrons’ Association, the Irish Save the Children Fund, Irish Women Workers’ Union, Irish Schoolmistresses’ Association, The Legion of Mary, the Mothers’ Union, National Council of Women, Women Graduates Association of Trinity College, Women Citizens’ Association, Women’s National Health Association, the Holy Child Association, Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, and the University College Dublin Women Graduates’ Association.
    
81. Report of Commission into the civil service 1932–1935, addendum C, p.185.
    
82. Irish Citizen
    , July 1917.
    
83. Irish Citizen
    , February 1920.
    
84. Jones, Mary,
    These obstreperous lassies: a history of the Irish Women Workers’ Union
    , Gill & Macmillan, Dublin, 1988, p. 59.
    
85. Irish Citizen
    , November 1919.
    
86. Irish Citizen
    , December 1919.
    
87. Cahalan, C., ‘Women and the Irish labour movement’, in
    Dublin labour year book
    , Dublin Trades Council, Dublin, 1930, p. 48.
    
88. Molony, Helena, ‘James Connolly and women’,
    Ibid
    ., p. 32.
    
89. Daly, Mary, ‘Women and trade unions’, in Nevin, Donal (ed.),
    Trade union century
    , Dublin, 1994, pp. 106–16.
    
90. McLaughlin, Astrid, ‘“Received with politeness, treated with contempt”: The story of women’s protests in Ireland against the regressive implications of sections of the Conditions of Employment Act (1936) and Bunreacht na hÉireann, the Irish constitution of 1937’, unpublished MA thesis, University College Dublin, 1996, 123.
    
91. It should be noted that section sixteen of the final Act had been section twelve during most of its drafting stages.
    
92. ITUC
    Report
    , 1935.
    
93. Ibid
    .
    
94. Ibid
    .
    
95. The
    Irish Times
    , 11 July 1935, cited in McLaughlin, ‘“Received with politeness”’, p. 26.
    
96. IWWU, Executive minutes, 5 September 1935, Irish Women Workers Archive, Irish Labour History Museum, Dublin.
    
97. The deputies in question were Helena Concannon and Margaret Pearse (Fianna Fáil), and Bridget Redmond (Cumann na nGaedhael).
    
98. Ward, Margaret,
    Unmanageable revolutionaries: women and Irish nationalism
    , Pluto, London, 1983, p. 236.
    
99. Clancy, ‘Aspects of women’s contribution’, p. 220.
    
100. Beaumont, Catriona A., ‘Women and the politics of equality: the Irish women’s movement, 1930–1943’, in Valiulis and O’Dowd (eds),
     Women and Irish history
     , p. 8.
     
101. Whyte, J.H.,
     Church and state in modern Ireland 1923–1979, 2nd edition
     , Gill & Macmillan, Dublin, 1980, pp. 33–34.
     
102. O’Dowd, Liam, ‘Church, state and women: the aftermath of partition’, in Curtin, Chris, Jackson, Pauline and O’Connor, Barbara (eds),
     Gender in Irish society
     , GUP, Galway, 1987, p. 7.
     
103. Quoted by Margaret MacCurtain in ‘Fullness of life: defining female spirituality in twentieth century Ireland’, in Luddy and Murphy (eds),
     Women surviving
     , p. 243.
     
104. IWCA Report in United Irishwomen, 1925–6, pp. 10–11.