1916 (74 page)

1. These were Clarke, McGinn, Griffith, James Stritch, Henry Dixon, William O’Leary Curtis, James Connor (‘Séamus O’Conchubhair’), John Simmons, James Buggy, Charles Kickham Jnr., and John MacBride. See Diarmuid O’Donovan Rossa, 1831–1915
   , Souvenir of public funeral, 1 August 1915
   , np, Dublin, 1915.
   
2. Ibid
   . These were William O’Brien, John Farren and John Lawlor.
   
3. Edwards, R.D.,
   Patrick Pearse: the triumph of failure
   , Gollancz, London, 1977, pp. 236–37.
   
4. Lynch,
   The IRB and the 1916 insurrection
   , pp. 47, 102.
   
5. Devoy, John,
   Recollections of an Irish rebel
   , Young, New York, 1929, p. 458.
   
6. O’Brien and Ryan (eds),
   Devoy’s post bag
   , vol. ii, pp. 504–6.
   
7. Ibid
   ., p. 504.
   
8. Lynch,
   The IRB and the 1916 insurrection
   , pp. 130–32.
   
9. For the career of James Boland (1856–95), see McGee,
   IRB
   , pp. 113, 175, 178 and 190–91.
   
10. Fitzpatrick,
    Boland
    , p. 34.
    
11. Ryan,
    Fenian memories
    , p. 209.
    
12. Jordan, Anthony,
    Major John MacBride
    , WHS, Westport, 1991, chapter 15.
    
13. G.A. Lyons papers, MS 33675/c/2, ‘Recollections of IRB’, p.11, and article on Peadar Macken, National Library of Ireland.
    
14. Lyons, G.A.,
    Some recollections of Griffith and his times
    , Talbot, Dublin, 1923, pp. 13–14.
    
15. Collins, Michael,
    The path to freedom
    , Talbot, Dublin, 1922, p. 55.
    
16. This was an apartment above an Irish farm produce shop at 21 Henry Street, run by Jennie (O’Toole) Wyse Power. She was originally a member of the Ladies Land League, who, at an 1881 rally of which, met her future husband, John Wyse Power, a vice president of the IRB’s ‘Young Ireland Society’. In 1916, Kathleen Clarke was a close friend of Jennie (and a fellow member of Cumann na mBan), and was told by Tom that the Military Council met at 21 Henry Street (Clarke,
    Revolutionary woman
    , pp. 69–70). It is quite possible that the meeting was held here due to Clarke’s older friendship with John, who had been a newspaper editor for thirty five years (most recently for the
    Evening Telegraph
    , which alone of Irish newspapers published notes regarding the meetings of the Old Guard Union). The
    Telegraph
    was the paper that the IRB counted on in 1907–8 for publishing appreciative obituaries for old IRB figures like P.N. Fitzgerald and John O’Connor. O’Brien and Ryan (eds),
    Devoy’s post bag
    , vol. ii, pp. 373–74.
    
17. Clarke,
    Revolutionary woman
    , pp. 69–70.
    
18. Ibid
    .
    
19. This was certainly the case for the IRB constitution of 1873, which reputedly remained in existence until 1917. A copy of the 1873 constitution can be found in Moody, T.W. and O’Broin, Leon (eds), ‘Select documents xxxii: The IRB Supreme Council 1868–78’, document c, in
    Irish Historical Studies
    , vol. xix, no. 87, 1974, pp. 286–332.
    
20. Lynch,
    The IRB and the 1916 insurrection
    , pp. 83, 142.
    
21. During the Boer War, the Old Guard Union carried the Irish and French tricolours and marched to La Marseillaise at Manchester martyr and Bodenstown demonstrations. McGee,
    IRB
    , p. 293. The last occasion the Irish tricolour seems to have been publicly displayed was the 1901 Bodenstown demonstration, chaired by P.N. Fitzgerald.
    
22. Ryan, Annie (ed.),
    Witness: inside the Easter Rising, Liberties
    , Dublin, 2005, pp. 156–7.
    
23. Ibid
    .
    
24. McGee,
    IRB
    , pp. 74, 117, 321.
    
25. Irish Weekly Independent
    , 1 July 1893 (reprint of letter of John Daly from prison to the Limerick IRB leader, John Crowe, the father of M.F. Crowe).
    
26. Clarke,
    Revolutionary woman
    , pp. 121–23, 135. John Daly died shortly afterwards, in June 1916, aged seventy one, happy that a rebellion had taken place.
    
27. Ryan (ed.),
    Witness: inside the Easter Rising
    , p. 156.
    
28. O’Hegarty,
    The victory of Sinn Féin
    , p. 3.
    
29. Martin (ed.)
    Leaders and men of the Easter Rising
    , pp. 221–23.
    
30. O’Brien and Ryan (eds),
    Devoy’s post bag
    , vol. ii, p. 505.
    
31. Clarke,
    Revolutionary woman
    , pp. 145, 169.
    
32. Browne (ed.),
    Collected works of Padraic H. Pearse
    , Introduction.
    
33. Diarmuid O’Donovan Rossa,
    1831–1915, Souvenir of public funeral, 1 August 1915
    , article by Connolly.
    
34. Clarke,
    Revolutionary woman
    , pp. 137–38
    
35. Augusteijn, Joost,
    From public defiance to guerrilla warfare
    , IAP, Dublin, 1996; Hart, Peter,
    The IRA and its enemies: violence and community in Cork 1916–1923,
    OUP, Oxford, 1998; Joy, Sinead,
    The IRA in Kerry 1916–21
    , Collins, Cork, 2005; McGarry, Fearghal (ed.),
    Republicanism in modern Ireland
    , UCDP, Dublin, 2003, pp. 86–103.
    
36. See, for example, Pilbeam,
    Republicanism in nineteenth century France
    , pp.32–35.
    

America and the 1916 Rising:

1. Stephens, James,
   The insurrection in Dublin
   , Barnes & Noble, New York, 1999 [first published 1916], p. 29.
   
2. See Blessing, Patrick J., ‘Irish Emigration to the United States, 1800–1920’ in Drudy, P.J. (ed.),
   Irish studies 4: The Irish in America: emigration, assimilation, and impact
   , CUP, Cambridge, 1985, pp. 11–13; and Fitzpatrick, David, ‘Emigration, 1801–70’ and Doyle, David Noel, ‘The Irish in North America, 1776–1845’ in Vaughan, W.E. et al. (eds),
   A new history of Ireland V: Ireland under the Union I, 1801–70
   , Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1989, pp. 562–622 and 682–725.
   
3. Foster, R.F.,
   Modern Ireland
   , 1600–1972, Allen Lane, London, 1988, pp.345–48.
   
4. Fitzpatrick, David,
   Irish emigration, 1801–1922
   , Economic and Social History Society of Ireland, Dublin, 1984, p. 5.
   
5. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census,
   Thirteenth census of the United States taken in the year 1910
   , Government Printing Office, Washington, 1911, vol. i, p. 24.
   
6. Gywnn, Denis,
   The life of John Redmond
   , Harrap., London, 1932, pp. 183–88; and Lyons, F.S.L.,
   John Dillon: a biography
   , Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1968, p. 320.
   
7. Patrick Egan to John Redmond, 18 February 1910, Redmond papers, National Library of Ireland; and Gwynn,
   The life of John Redmond
   , p. 184.
   
8. Patrick Egan to John Redmond, 1 March 1910, Redmond papers, NLI; and Theodore Roosevelt to John Wynne, 11 April 1910 in Morison, Elting E. et al. (eds),
   The letters of Theodore Roosevelt
   , HUP, Cambridge, 1954, vol. vii, p. 7.
   
9. Martin J. Keogh to John Redmond, 29 November 1910, Redmond papers, NLI.
   
10. Cable to John Redmond, 12 April 1912, box 18, Cockran papers, New York Public Library. Those signing the cable included Congressman W. Bourke Cockran, Judge Martin J. Keogh, Morgan J. O’Brien, John Quinn, and William Gibbs McAdoo. Clan members sent their own cable denouncing home rule as a fraud. See John Devoy to Joseph McGarrity, 17 April 1912, box 16, McGarrity papers, Maloney collection, New York Public Library.
    
11. Martin J. Keogh to John Redmond, 27 May 1912, Redmond papers, NLI; and Gywnn, The life of John Redmond, p. 202.
    
12. Theodore Roosevelt to John Redmond, c. June, 1913 in Morison et al. (eds),
    The letters of Theodore Roosevelt
    , vol. vii, p. 740; and the
    Times
    , 11 June 1913. American politicians like Roosevelt were often accused of supporting the Irish cause simply to curry favour with Irish-American voters. Certainly Roosevelt was on record on numerous occasions outlining the benefits to both Britain and the United States of Irish self-government. See, for example, Theodore Roosevelt to Arthur Lee, later Lord Lee of Fareham, 7 July 1913 in Morison et al. (eds),
    The letters of Theodore Roosevelt
    , vol. vii, p. 740.
    
13. John T. Keating to John Devoy, 22 January 1910, box J–L, Devoy papers, NLI. Clan leaders found the prestige enjoyed by prominent figures in the United Irish League of America, such as Michael J. Ryan, the City Solicitor of Philadelphia, difficult to stomach. See Dr William Carroll to John Devoy, 7 February 1913 in O’Brien, William and Ryan, Desmond (eds),
    Devoy’s postbag
    , Fallon edition, Dublin, 1958, vol. ii, p. 403.
    
14. See Petition of the United German-American and United Irish-American Societies of New York to the United States Senate, 2 May 1911, box Larkin, and John T. Ryan to John Devoy, 14 August 1911, box RU-S, Devoy papers, NLI. A Clan circular in 1913 declared that Ireland had the right to complete independence and said: ‘We brand as a fraud and a cheat the so-called Home Rule bill, which gives Ireland a legislative body crippled by restraints and prohibitions’. Clan circular, March 1913, Box U.B.,
    Ibid
    .
    
15. Ó Broin, Leon,
    Revolutionary underground: the story of the Irish Republican Brotherhood, 1858–1924
    , Gill & Macmillan, Dublin, 1976, p. 140. Also see McCartan, Patrick,
    With de Valera in America
    , Fitzpatrick, Dublin, 1932; Cronin, Seán,
    The McGarrity papers
    , Anvil, Tralee, 1972; and Lynch, Diarmuid,
    The IRB and the 1916 insurrection
    , Mercier, Cork, 1957.
    
16. Golway, Terry,
    Irish rebel: John Devoy and America’s fight for Ireland’s freedom
    , St Martin’s, New York, 1998, p. 193.
    
17. John Devoy to Judge Daniel F. Cohalan, 29 November 1911, cited in Callan Tansill, Charles,
    America and the fight for Irish freedom, 1866–1922
    , Devin-Adair, New York, 1957, pp. 125–26. Clan leaders eventually broke with the Abbey players over the production of J.M. Synge’s
    Playboy of the Western World
    , although Theodore Roosevelt himself escorted Lady Gregory to a showing of the play in New York. For a description of the relationship between the Irish organisations and the Clan leadership in the USA see Reid, B.L.,
    The man from New York: John Quinn and his friends
    , OUP, New York, 1968; Foster, R.F.,
    W.B. Yeats: a life
    ,
    I The apprentice mage, 1865–1914
    , OUP, Oxford, 1997; Gonne McBride, Maud,
    A servant of the queen: reminiscences
    , Gollancz, London, 1974 [first published 1938]; Dunleavy, Janet Egleson and Gareth W.,
    Douglas Hyde: a maker of modern Ireland
    , UCP, Berkeley, 1991; and Kohfeldt, Mary Lou,
    Lady Gregory: The woman behind the Irish renaissance
    , Atheneum, New York, 1985.
    
18. The O’Rahilly to John Devoy, 6 April 1914 in O’Brien and Ryan (eds), Devoy’s postbag
    , vol. ii, p. 426.
    
19. Col. Richard O’Sullivan Burke to John Devoy, 6 May 1914, and John T. Ryan to John Devoy, 6 May 1914,
    Ibid
    ., p. 434; and F. Tobin to James Reidy, 19 May 1914, Box T–Z, Devoy papers, NLI.
    
20. Circular letter from Joseph McGarrity, Denis A. Spellessy, and Patrick J. Griffin, 2 June 1914, Box 12, and Irish Volunteer Fund Committee Constitution, 1914, Box 13, McGarrity papers, Maloney collection, New York Public Library; and Hobson, Bulmer,
    History of the Irish Volunteers
    , Candles Press, Dublin, 1918, pp. 130–31; and Tarpey, Marie Veronica,
    The role of Joseph McGarrity in the struggle for Irish independence
    , Arno, New York, 1976, pp. 61–64.
    
21. Judge O’Neill Ryan to John Devoy, 30 June 1914 in O’Brien and Ryan (eds),
    Devoy’s postbag
    , vol. ii, p. 453.
    
22. Eoin MacNeill to Joseph McGarrity, 1 July 1914, box 13, McGarrity papers, Maloney collection, New York Public Library. Also see John Devoy to Joseph McGarrity, 14, 18, 22, and 29 June 1914,
    Ibid
    . McGarrity, perhaps more than Devoy, was prepared to accept MacNeill’s appeal and on 14 June sent a circular letter to Clan members asking for support for the Volunteers. Circular letter from Joseph McGarrity, et al., 14 June 1914, box 12,
    Ibid
    .
    
23. Roger Casement to John Devoy, 21 July 1914 in O’Brien and Ryan (eds), Devoy’s postbag
    , vol. ii, pp. 460–3. Dr Patrick McCartan was also sent over to the United States in July 1914 to explain the situation to Clan leaders. See ‘Extracts from the papers of the late Dr Patrick McCartan. Part Two’,
    Clogher Record
    , vol. v, no. 2, 1964, pp. 184–212.
    
24. John Devoy,
    Recollections of an Irish rebel: a personal narrative,
    Chas. D. Young, New York, 1929, p. 393; Cronin,
    The McGarrity papers
    , pp. 41– 45; and Roger Casement to Alice Stopford Green, 26 July 1914, Green papers, NLI. Casement wrote to Mrs Green that if it had not been for the war he could have raised much more money. Roger Casement to Alice Stopford Green, 15 August 1914, Green papers,
    Ibid
    . Devoy comments that although the Redmond people in the United States claimed that they would raise $100,000 for the Volunteers, they actually sent only $5,000 to Ireland. The Redmond papers indicate that something closer to $10,000 was received.
    
25. Roger Casement to Alice Stopford Green, 29 July 1914, Green papers, NLI; and Hobson, History of the Irish Volunteers, p. 65.
    
26. New York Times
    , 27 July 1914.
    
27. Henry Cabot Lodge to Moreton Frewen, 25 March 1914, box 42, Frewen papers, Library of Congress.
    
28. W. Bourke Cockran to Moreton Frewen, 25 March 1914, box 16, Cock-ran papers, New York Public Library.
    
29. Irish World
    , 26 September and 10 October 1914; and Michael J. Ryan to John Redmond, 2 October 1914, in
    Gwynn, The life of John Redmond
    , pp. 416–18.
    
30. For a more extensive account of the decline of support for Redmond and home rule, see, Carroll, F.M.,
    American opinion and the Irish question, 1910–1923: a study in opinion and policy
    , Gill & Macmillan, Dublin, 1978, pp. 36–54.
    
31. Cronin,
    The McGarrity Papers
    , p. 52. The best account of Casement in the United States is in Reid, B.L.,
    The lives of Roger Casement
    , YUP, New Haven, 1976, pp. 196–209.
    
32. Gaelic American
    , 15, 22, and 29 August, and 12 September 1914; and Shaemus O’Sheel to Joseph McGarrity, 18 August 1914, box 14, McGarrity papers, Maloney collection, New York Public Library.
    
33. German military attaché to Foreign Office, 9 August 1914, cited in Doer-ries, Reinhard,
    Prelude to the Easter Rising: Sir Roger Casement in imperial Germany
    , Frank Cass, London, 2000, p. 46. Franz von Papen is now remembered primarily for his role in Hitler’s rise to power in Germany.
    
34. German Embassy, Washington, to Foreign Office, Berlin, 27 September 1914, Documents relative to the Sinn Féin movement, 1921 [cmd.1108] xxlx 429, p. 3.
    
35. Devoy,
    Recollections of an Irish rebel
    , pp. 403–6; and Count Johann von Bernsdorff to Foreign Office, 13 and 15 October 1914, cited in Doerries,
    Prelude to the Easter Rising
    , pp. 50–51.
    
36. Joseph McGarrity to Tom Clarke, c. August 1914, box 14, McGarrity papers, Maloney collection, New York Public Library; Thompson, William Irwin,
    The imagination of an insurrection, Dublin, Easter 1916: a study of an ideological movement
    , Harper & Row, New York, 1967, pp. 26–27; and German Embassy, Washington, to Foreign Office, Berlin, 27 September 1914, Documents relative to the Sinn Féin movement, p. 3.
    
37. Doerries,
    Prelude to the Easter Rising
    , pp. 6–7; Devoy, Recollections of an Irish rebel, p. 406; and Cronin,
    The McGarrity papers
    , p. 53.
    
38. For a good analysis of these efforts by Casement see Doerries,
    Prelude to the Easter Rising
    , pp. 7–24. Doerries makes the point that the possibility of a German invasion of Ireland was not so preposterous in the light of German operations and plans in the Middle East, Central Asia, Mexico, and Canada. Also see Tarpey,
    The role of Joseph McGarrity in the struggle for Irish independence
    , pp. 84–85. In his attempt to build the Irish brigade, Casement asked Devoy to have Irish or Irish-American officers sent to Germany. James Larkin was presumably asked by the Germans to go, but suggested his friend Robert Monteith, who did go. See John Devoy to Joseph McGarrity, 13 July 1915, box 16, McGarrity papers, Maloney collection, New York Public Library; and Larkin, Emmet,
    James Larkin: Irish labour leader, 1876–1947
    , Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1965, p. 211. Devoy also arranged with the embassy for Robert Monteith to go to Germany. Monteith, Robert,
    Casement’s last adventure
    , Michael F. Moynihan, Dublin, 1932, p. 63.
    
39. Hobson, Bulmer,
    Ireland yesterday and tomorrow
    , Anvil, Tralee, 1968, p.71.
    
40. Lynch,
    The IRB and the 1916 insurrection
    , pp. 24–28.
    
41. Devoy, Recollections of an Irish rebel, p. 415; Cronin,
    The McGarrity papers
    , pp. 52–54; Splain, John J., ‘The Irish movement in the United States since 1911’ in FitzGerald, William G. (ed.),
    The voice of Ireland
    , John Heywood, Dublin, 1924, p. 226; and financial records, first drawer, Cohalan papers, American Irish Historical Society. As mentioned above, the Clan provided $100,000 in total to the IRB and the Volunteers.
    
42. John T. Keating to John Devoy, 9 November 1914, Box J–L, Devoy papers, NLI; and John Devoy to Joseph McGarrity, 12 December 1914, Box 16, McGarrity papers, Maloney collection, New York Public Library. The Clan eventually financed at least part of Casement’s defence in his treason trial.
    
43. See Golway,
    Irish rebel
    , p. 206; Cronin,
    The McGarrity papers
    , pp. 66–69; and O’Leary, Jeremiah A.,
    My political trial and experiences
    , Jefferson, New York, 1919, passim.
    
44. Georg von Skal to W. Pfitzer, 10 February 1916, cited in Coates, Tim (ed.),
    The Irish uprising, 1914–1921
    , HMSO, London, 2000, pp. 55–56; McGuire, James K.,
    The King, the Kaiser and Irish freedom
    , Devin-Adair, New York, 1915; McGuire, James K.,
    What could Germany do for Ireland?
    , Devin-Adair, New York, 1916; and Carroll,
    American opinion and the Irish question
    , pp. 50–52 and 130.