Vodka Politics (89 page)

18
. “Koe chto ob otkupakh,
Kolokol
list 10, 1 marta 1858 g.,” in
Kolokol: Gazeta A. I. Gertsena i N. P. Ogareva
(Moscow: Izdatel’stvo Akademii nauk SSSR, 1962), 79.

19
. Vasilii A. Kokorev, “Ob otkupakh na prodazhu vina,”
Russkii vestnik
, book 2, Sovremennaya letopis’ (1858): 42; cited in Christian, “Vodka and Corruption,” 481.

20
. Christian,
Living Water
, 136.

21
.
Ekonomicheskii ukazatel
’ 41 (Oct. 1858); cited in Christian, “Vodka and Corruption,” 473. See also Saltykov,
Tchinovnicks
, 98.

22
. Zaionchkovskii,
Pravitel’stvennyi apparat
, 158; cited in Christian, “Vodka and Corruption,” 474, 76.

23
. Christian,
Living Water
, 150.

24
. Gregory Feifer, “Corruption in Russia, Part 1: A Normal Part of Everyday Life,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Nov. 27, 2009,
http://www.rferl.org/articleprintview/1889394.html
(accessed Oct. 22, 2010).

25
.
Russkii dnevnik
, no. 51 (March 7, 1859); cited in: Christian, “Vodka and Corruption,” 482–83.

26
. Quoted in Geoffrey Hosking,
Russia: People and Empire, 1552–1917
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997), 104–5. On raiding roadside inns see
Svedeniia
3:282; cited in Christian, “Vodka and Corruption,” 483. On peasant extortion see Murray,
Russians of To-Day
, 31.

27
. R. E. F. Smith and David Christian,
Bread and Salt: A Social and Economic History of Food and Drink in Russia
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 145.

28
. “Koe chto ob otkupakh,
Kolokol
list 10, 1 marta 1858 g.,” 79.

29
. Ibid., 80. Natal’ya E. Goryushkina, “‘Imeyu chest’ dolozhit’, chot vzyatki polucheny’: K voprosu ob otkupnom vzyatochnichestve v Rossii,” in:
Alkogol’ v Rossii: Materialy tret’ei mezhdunarodnoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii
(Ivanovo, 26–27 oktyabrya 2012), ed. Mikhail V. Teplyanskii (Ivanovo: Filial RGGU v g. Ivanovo, 2012), 127.

30
. N. Herséwanoff,
Des Fermes d’eaux-de-vie en Russie (The Eaux-de-Vie Farms in Russia
) (Paris, Bonaventure: 1858), 22–23; cited in Christian,
Living Water
, 148.

31
. This being one of Saltykov’s favored euphemisms. Saltykov,
Tchinovnicks
, 95, 100.

32
.
Svedeniya
3:248; quoted in: Christian,
Living Water
, 136. For contemporary parallels see Ledeneva,
Can Russia Modernise?
161.

33
.
Svedeniya
, 1:35, from
Polnoe sobranie zakonov
, 2nd series, 12444; cited in Christian,
Living Water
, 106.

34
. “Koe chto ob otkupakh,
Kolokol
list 10, 1 marta 1858 g.,” 80.

35
. Zaionchkovskii,
Pravitel’stvennyi apparat
, 155; cited in Christian,
Living Water
, 148–49.

36
. Quote from “Koe chto ob otkupakh,
Kolokol
list 10, 1 marta 1858 g.,” 80. On Nicolas’s inquiry see Christian,
Living Water
, 154.

37
. Alena Ledeneva,
How Russia Really Works: The Informal Practices That Shaped Post-Soviet Politics and Business
(Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2006), 192.

38
. V. Fedorovskii, “Podolsko-Vitebskii otkup,”
Sovremennik
(1859), Mar. “Sovremennoe obozrenie,” 1; cited in Christian,
Living Water
, 110. Tavern keeper regulations from 1841 can be found in ibid., 113. Also see Ivan Pryzhov,
Istoriya kabakov v Rossii
(Moscow: Molodiya sily, 1914), 59–74.

39
. V.K——ov, “Vopros o prodazhe vina,”
Russkii mir
, no. 19 (May 15, 1859); cited in Christian,
Living Water
, 136. On “special vodkas” see
Vestnik promyshlennosti
, no.4 (Oct. 1858), 18; cited in Christian, “Vodka and Corruption,” 481.

40
. Hosking,
Russia
, 105.

41
. Christian,
Living Water
, 62–63.

42
. A. Korsak, “Nalogoi i vinnyi otkup,”
Russkayagazeta
, no. 9 (1858); cited in Christian, “Vodka and Corruption,” 481–82.

43
. Nikolai I. Turgenev,
Rossiya i russkie
(Moscow: Knigoizdatel’stvo K. F. Nekrasova, 1915), 212 Christian,
Living Water
, 114.

44
. Baron August Freiherr Haxthausen,
The Russian Empire: Its People, Institutions, and Resources
, trans. Robert Faire, 2 vols. (London: Chapman & Hall, 1856), 2:408. See also H. Sutherland Edwards, “Russian Tea and Tea-Houses,” in
Russia as Seen and Described by Famous Writers
, ed. Esther Singleton (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1906), 277. Indeed, as Adam Olearius suggested in the mid-1600s, “the best cure among the common people… is vodka and garlic.” Baron,
Travels of Olearius in Seventeenth-Century Russia
, 162.

45
. Luigi Villari,
Russia under the Great Shadow
(New York: James Pott & Co., 1905), 169. See also Sergei Stepniak,
Russia under the Tzars
(New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1885), 20–21; Lady Frances Verney, “Rural Life in Russia,” in
Russia as Seen and Described by Famous Writers
, ed. Esther Singleton (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1906), 252. More generally see Alexander Etkind,
Internal Colonization: Russia’s Imperial Experience
(Malden, Mass.: Polity, 2011), 145.

46
. D. MacKenzie Wallace,
Russia
(New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1877), 541–42. See also Hosking,
Russia
, 209; Sir John Maynard,
The Russian Peasant and Other Studies
(New York: Collier Books, 1942), 66, 75.

47
. Murray,
Russians of To-Day
, 24–26.

48
. Stephen P. Frank,
Crime, Cultural Conflict, and Justice in Rural Russia, 1856–1914
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), 213. On taking a sin on the soul see Wallace,
Russia
, 541–42. See also Hosking,
Russia
, 209. A stark parallel with the not-so-subtle influence of vodka on contemporary Russian jury trials can be found in the opening lines of Ellen Barry, “In Russia, Jury Is Something to Work Around,”
New York Times
, Nov. 16, 2010, A1.

49
. V. Polivanov, “Zapiski zemskogo nachal’nika,”
Russkaya mysl
’ 9–10 (1917): 32; cited in Frank,
Crime, Cultural Conflict, and Justice
, 213.

50
. See f. 586, op. 1, d. 117, l.41; and f. 586, op. 1, d. 120, l.62, Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Rossiskoi Federatsii (GARF) (State archive of the Russian Federation), Moscow; cited in Frank,
Crime, Cultural Conflict, and Justice
, 213.

51
. Frank,
Crime, Cultural Conflict, and Justice
, 221.

52
. Sergei Stepniak,
The Russian Peasantry
(New York: Harper & Brothers, 1888), 202–5; similarly, see 176, 88.

53
. Frank,
Crime, Cultural Conflict, and Justice
, 253–60; Stephen P. Frank, “Popular Justice, Community and Culture among the Russian Peasantry, 1870–1900,”
Russian Review
46, no. 3 (1987): 247–49.

54
. Verney, “Rural Life in Russia,” 246–47.

55
. Murray,
Russians of To-Day
, 16, 34, 231. See also Wallace,
Russia
, 97–99. 56. Saltykov,
Tchinovnicks
, 99–100.

56
. Saltykov,
Tchinovnicks
, 99–100.

57
. Stepniak suggests that corrupt clergy could use their “monopoly” on religious sacraments as an instrument of holy extortion. Stepniak,
Russian Peasantry
, 230–31.

58
. Ioann S. Belliustin,
Description of the Clergy in Rural Russia: The Memoir of a Nineteenth-Century Parish Priest
(Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1985), 129–30.

59
. Ibid., 130–31.

60
. Ibid., 139–40; Wallace,
Russia
, 97–98. Olearius related identical accounts in the 1630s, with some drinking until “the soul is given up with the draught.” Baron,
Travels of Olearius in Seventeenth-Century Russia
, 143. See also William Richardson,
Anecdotes of the Russian Empire in a Series of Letters Written, a Few Years Ago, from St. Petersburg
(London: W. Strahan & T. Cadell, 1784), 61.

61
. Baron,
Travels of Olearius in Seventeenth-Century Russia
, 144–46. Vladimir Lenin related similar tales of the rural clergy in the 1860s in “The Agrarian Programme of Social-Democracy in the First Russian Revolution 1905–1907 (1908),” in
Collected Works
, vol. 13:
June 1907–April 1908
(Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1972), 385.

62
. Belliustin,
Description of the Clergy
, 114. See also Smucker,
The Life and Reign of Nicholas the First, Emperor of Russia
, 199; Stepniak,
Russia under the Tzars
, 58. The “All steal” proverb quoted in Georg Brandes,
Impressions of Russia
, trans. Samuel C. Eastman (Boston: C. J. Peters & Son, 1889), 148.

63
. Nathan Haskell Dole,
Young Folks’ History of Russia
(New York: Saalfield Publishing Co., 1903), 521.

64
. “Koe chto ob otkupakh,
Kolokol
list 10, 1 marta 1858 g.,” 79; Haxthausen,
Russian Empire
, 2:174–75; Hosking,
Russia
, 105–6. On “coercion-intensive” statecraft see Charles Tilly,
Coercion, Capital and European States, AD 990–1990
(Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell Press, 1990), 87–91. On the importance of the article on agenda-setting: Christian,
Living Water
, 264–65.

65
. Levin and Satarov, “Corruption and Institutions in Russia,” 113–14. On the state and the ruling class in Russia see Donald Ostrowski, “The Façade of Legitimacy: Exchange of Power and Authority in Early Modern Russia,”
Comparative Studies in Society and History
44, no. 3 (2002): 536–39; John P. LeDonne,
Absolutism and Ruling Class: The Formation of the Russian Political Order, 1700–1825
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 3–9.

66
. See Ledeneva,
Can Russia Modernise?
50–84.

67
. Feifer, “Corruption in Russia, Part 1: A Normal Part of Everyday Life,” and Part 3: How Russia Is Ruled,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Nov. 28 2009,
http://www.rferl.org/articleprintview/1890170.html
(accessed Oct. 22, 2010); Vladimir Shlapentokh, “Russia’s Acquiescence to Corruption Makes the State Machine Inept,”
Communist and Post-Communist Studies
36, no. 2 (2003): 158; Michael Bohm, “Thieves Should Go to Jail!”
Moscow Times
, Oct. 8, 2010,
http://themoscowtimes.com/opinion/article/thieves-should-go-to-jail/418993.html
(accessed Oct. 11, 2010); Smith,
Reforming the Russian Legal System
, 12; Dev Kar and Sarah Freitas,
Russia: Illicit Financial Flows and the Role of the Underground Economy
(Washington, D.C.: Global Financial Integrity, 2013), 22.

68
. David M. Herszenhorn, “Text of Navalny’s Closing Remarks in Russian Court,”
New York Times
, July 5, 2013,
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/06/world/europe/text-of-navalnys-closing-remarks-in-russian-court.html
(accessed July 6, 2013).

69
. Ibid.

70
. P. V. Berezin,
Na sluzhbe zlomu delu
(Moscow: I. N. Kyshnerev i Ko., 1900); Mikhail Fridman,
Vinnaya monopoliya, tom 2: Vinnaya monopoliya v Rossii
, 2 vols. (Petrograd: Pravda, 1916), 2:70–74. On the tenacity of bribery and corruption under Alexander III, see Dole,
History of Russia
, 521.

71
. Hermann von Samson-Himmelstjerna,
Russia under Alexander III. And in the Preceding Period
, trans. J. Morrison, ed. Felix Volkhovsky (New York: Macmillan, 1893), xxii–xxiii (emphasis in original).