Vodka Politics (88 page)

34
. Carolyn Pouncy,
The “Domostroi”: Rules for Russian Households in the Time of Ivan the Terrible
(Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1994), 157.

35
. Soloviev,
History of Russia
, vol. 12:
Russian Society under Ivan the Terrible
, 70. Similar practices were noted by Adam Olearius during his visits in the 1630s. Baron, ed.,
Travels of Olearius in Seventeenth-Century Russia
, 270.

36
. Samuel Collins,
The Present State of Russia, in a Letter to a Friend at London; Written by an Eminent Person Residing at the Great Czars Court at Mosco for the Space of Nine Years
(London: John Winter, 1671), 23–24. On the
Zemskii Prikaz
see John P. LeDonne,
Absolutism and Ruling Class: The Formation of the Russian Political Order, 1700–1825
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 121–28.

37
. Quoted in Erofeev,
Russkii apokalipsis
, 21. On Coyet see also Bushkovitch, “Epiphany Ceremony of the Russian Court.”

38
. Wallace,
Russia
, 98. See also Selina Bunbury,
Russia after the War
, 2 vols. (London: Hurst & Blackett, 1857), 1:102–3; Eustace Clare Grenville Murray,
The Russians of To-Day
(London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1878), 16; Georg Brandes,
Impressions of Russia
, trans. Samuel C. Eastman (Boston: C. J. Peters & Son, 1889), 39. Famed dramatist Anton Chekov depicts similar scenes in fiction: Anton Chekhov, “Peasants,” in
The Oxford Chekhov
, ed. Robert Hingley (New York: Oxford University Press, 1965), 217–18.

39
. Baron,
Travels of Olearius in Seventeenth-Century Russia
, 145. Similarly, see Collins,
Present State of Russia
, 19.

40
. Esther Singleton, ed.,
Russia as Seen and Described by Famous Writers
(New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1906), 249–50. I changed
Vodki
to vodka.

41
. A. Preobrazhenskii, “Volost’ Pokrovsko-Sitskaya Yaroslavskoi gubernii Molozhskago uezda,” in
Etnograficheskii sbornik
, ed. Imperatorskoe russkoe geograficheskoe obshchestvo (St. Petersburg: Tipografiya Ministerstva vnutrennikh del, 1853–1864), 103–4; quoted in Christian,
Living Water
, 77. Similar vodka indoctrination persisted through the Soviet period. Gordon B. Smith,
Reforming the Russian Legal System
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 47. See also
chapters 16
and
17
.

42
. Andrei P. Zablotskii-Desyatovskii, “O krepostnom sostoyanii,” in
Graf P. D. Kiselev i ego vremya: Materialy dlya istorii Imperatorov Aleksandr I-go, Nikolaya I-go, i Aleksandra II
(St. Petersburg: Tipografiya M. M. Stasyulkvicha, 1882), 312. Many thanks to David Christian for this reference.

43
. Cited in Christian,
Living Water
, 76.

44
. Grant Podelco, “Holiday Sobriety: ‘There Is No Worse Enemy for a Russian Than Himself’,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Dec. 28, 2012,
http://www.rferl.org/content/russia-alcohol-vodka-holiday-smoking—drinking-abuse/24811093.html
(accessed Jan. 2, 2013). See also Associated Press, “In Russia, New Year’s Celebrations Last 10 Days,” National Public
Radio, Jan. 7, 2011,
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=132733640
(accessed Jan. 8, 2011); Agence France-Presse, “Russians Advised to Celebrate Dry New Year Holiday,”
Inquirer.net
, Jan. 2, 2011,
http://www.inquirer.net/mindandbody/health-beat/view.php?db=1&article=20110102-312131
(accessed Jan. 3, 2011).

45
. Paul Goble, “Drunkenness a ‘More Terrible’ Threat to Russia Than Terrorism, Moscow Psychiatrist Says,” Window on Eurasia (blog), Dec. 19, 2009,
http://windowoneurasia.blogspot.com/2009/12/window-on-eurasia-drunkenness-more.html
; Artem Serikov, “Pochemu P’yanstvo Strashnee Terrora?” WIN.ru (blog), Dec. 18, 2009,
http://www.win.ru/topic/3053.phtml
(both accessed Dec. 20, 2009). One could also add
pominki
, the remembrance service forty days after the passing of a love one, which was likewise “accompanied by great debauchery.” J. M. Buckley,
The Midnight Sun, the Tsar and the Nihilist
(Boston: D. Lothrop & Co., 1886), 302.

46
. Baron August Freiherr Haxthausen,
The Russian Empire: Its People, Institutions, and Resources
, trans. Robert Faire, 2 vols. (London: Chapman & Hall, 1856), 2:175. On
zapoi
see also David A. Leon, Vladimir M. Shkolnikov, and Martin McKee, “Alcohol and Russian Mortality: A Continuing Crisis,”
Addiction
104, no. 10 (2009): 1631–34; David A. Leon et al., “Hazardous Alcohol Drinking and Premature Mortality in Russia: A Population Based Case-Control Study,”
The Lancet
, June 16, 2007, 2002–4; Nikolai G. Chernyshevskii, “Otkupnaya sistema (Sovremennik, 1858),” in
Izbrannye ekonomichesie proizvedeniya
, tom 1 (Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo politicheskoi literatury, 1948), 678.

47
. E. Protas’ev, “O poroke, svoistvennom krest’yanam i prepyatstvuyushchem uluchsheniyu ikh byta,”
Zhurnal zemlevladel’tsa
9, no. 6 (1858): 7; translation in Christian, “Traditional and Modern Drinking Cultures in Russia on the Eve of Emancipation,” 76; see also ibid., 62–63.

48
. Murray,
Russians of To-Day
, 34–35.

49
. Luigi Villari,
Russia under the Great Shadow
(New York: James Pott & Co., 1905), 231; Christian,
Living Water
, 95–96.

50
. Pokhlebkin,
Istoriya vodki
, 104.

51
. Christian,
Living Water
, 36; Etkind,
Internal Colonization
, 145–46.

52
. Nikolai I. Pavlenko, “K voprosu Ob evolyutsii dvorianstva v XVII–XVIII vv,” in
Voprosy genezisa kapitalizma v Rossii
, ed. Vladimir V. Mavrodin (Leningrad: Leningrad Universitet, 1960), 61–65.

53
. Christian,
Living Water
, 37; van Onselen, “Randlords and Rotgut.”

54
. Christian,
Living Water
, 47.

Chapter 8

1
. Julia Ioffe, “The End of Putin: Alexey Navalny on Why the Russian Protest Movement Will Win,”
Foreign Policy
, Dec. 28, 2011,
http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/12/28/the_end_of_putin
(accessed Jan. 1, 2012).

2
. Carol J. Williams, “Russia Set to Make Olympic History—for Spending, Controversy,”
Los Angeles Times
, Feb. 9 2013,
http://www.latimes.com/news/world/worldnow/lafg-wn-russia-olympics-costs-controversy-20130208,0,2858111.story
(accessed Feb. 13, 2013). Julia Ioffe, “Net Impact: One Man’s Cyber-Crusade against Russian Corruption,”
New Yorker
, April 4, 2011,
http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/04/04/110404fa_fact_ioffe#ixzz1hrtTCJaa
(accessed Jan. 1, 2012); Transparency International, “Corruption Perceptions Index, 2012,”
http://cpi.transparency.org/cpi2012/results
(accessed Feb. 13, 2013); Friedrich Schneider, Andreas Buehn, and Claudio E. Montenegro,
Shadow Economies All over the World: New Estimates for 162 Countries from 1999 to 2007
, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 5356 (Washington, D.C.: World Bank: 2010): 29.

3
. Alena V. Ledeneva,
Can Russia Modernise? Sistema, Power Networks and Informal Governance
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 19–25; “57% Rossiian schitaiut narkomaniiu pervostepennoi’ problemoi’,”
Rossiiskaya gazeta
, Nov. 8, 2010, 13; Gregory Feifer, “Corruption in Russia, Part 2: Law Enforcers Often the Worst Offenders,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Nov. 28, 2009,
http://www.rferl.org/articleprintview/1890104.html
(accessed Oct. 22, 2010); Will Englund, “Russian Corruption Takes on a Life of Its
Own,”
Washington Post
, Oct. 26, 2010,
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/10/26/AR2010102601429_pf.html
.

4
. See Mark Levin and Georgy Satarov, “Corruption and Institutions in Russia,”
European Journal of Political Economy
16, no. 1 (2000): 116; Andrei Shleifer and Robert W. Vishny, “Corruption,”
Quarterly Journal of Economics
108, no. 3 (1993): 615.

5
. Leonid I. Brezhnev, “Otchetnyi dokad Tsentral’nago Komiteta KPSS, XVIV s’ezdu Kommunisticheskoi Partii Sovetskogo Soyuza. Doklad General’nogo sekretarya TsK tovarishcha L. I. Brezhneva, 30 marta 1971 goda,”
Pravda
, March 31, 1971; Nikita Khrushchev, “Razvitie ekonomiki SSSR i partiinoe rukovodstvo narodnym khozyaistvom: Doklad tovarishcha N. S. Khrushcheva na plenume TsK KPSS 19 noyabrya 1962 goda,”
Pravda
, Nov. 20 1962.

6
. Steven Staats, “Corruption in the Soviet System,”
Problems of Communism
21 (Jan.–Feb. 1972): 47.
Kasha
is a traditional Russian cereal or porridge commonly made from buckwheat. See also Hedrick Smith,
The Russians
(New York: Quadrangle/New York Times Book Co., 1976), 120.

7
. Samuel M. Smucker,
The Life and Reign of Nicholas the First, Emperor of Russia
(Philadelphia: J. W. Bradley, 1856); Petr A. Zaionchkovskii,
Pravitel’stvennyi apparat samoderzhavnoi Rossii v XIX v
. (Moscow: Mysl’, 1978), 156.

8
. This quote by President Dmitry Medvedev is in particular reference to Russia’s “eternal corruption.” Timothy Frye, “Corruption and Rule of Law,” in
Russia after the Global Economic Crisis
, ed. Anders Åslund, Sergei Guriev, and Andrew Kuchins (Washington, D.C.: Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2010), 92.

9
. Edward Crankshaw,
Russia without Stalin: The Emerging Pattern
(London: Viking, 1956), 74–75; Alena Ledeneva, Stephen Lovell, and Andrei Rogachevskii, “Introduction,” in
Bribery and Blat in Russia: Negotiating Reciprocity from the Middle Ages to the 1990s
, ed. Stephen Lovell, Alena Ledeneva, and Andrei Rogachevskii (New York: St. Martin’s, 2000), 5–9.

10
. Leslie Palmier, “Bureaucratic Corruption and Its Remedies,” in
Corruption: Causes, Consequences and Control
, ed. Michael Clarke (New York: St. Martin’s, 1983), 207. Other commonly accepted definitions of corruption can be found in Joseph S. Nye, “Corruption and Political Development: A Cost-Benefit Analysis,”
American Political Science Review
61, no. 2 (1967): 421; Shleifer and Vishny, “Corruption,” 599.

11
. Samuel Collins,
The Present State of Russia, in a Letter to a Friend at London; Written by an Eminent Person Residing at the Great Czars Court at Mosco for the Space of Nine Years
(London: John Winter, 1671), 60. Similar numbers were reported by Olearius some four decades earlier. Samuel H. Baron, ed.,
The Travels of Olearius in Seventeenth-Century Russia
(Palo Alto, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1967), 198–99.

12
. David Christian,
Living Water: Vodka and Russian Society on the Eve of Emancipation
(Oxford: Clarendon, 1990), 200. See also George Tennyson Matthews,
The Royal General Farms in Eighteenth-Century France
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1958), 11.

13
. Linda T. Darling,
Revenue-Raising and Legitimacy
(Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1996), 119–20; Christian,
Living Water
, 31, 195. This section draws from
Living Water
and David Christian, “Vodka and Corruption in Russia on the Eve of Emancipation,”
Slavic Review
46, no. 3/4 (1987).

14
. Paul Bushkovitch, “Taxation, Tax Farming and Merchants in Sixteenth-Century Russia,”
Slavic Review
37, no. 3 (1978): 390–91; Richard Pipes,
Russia under the Old Regime
(New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1974), 61; Christian,
Living Water
, 33.

15
. Sergei M. Troitskii,
Finansovaia politika russkago absoliutizma v XVIII veke
(Moscow: Nauka, 1966), 214; Aleksandr P. Pogrebinskii, “Finansovaya reforma nachala 60-kh godov XIX veka v Rossii,”
Voprosi istorii
, no. 10 (1951): 74–75, and
Ocherki istorii finanasov dorevolyutsionnoi Rossii (XIV–XX vv
.) (Moscow: Gosfinizdat, 1954), 99.

16
. Mikhail E. Saltykov,
Tchinovnicks: Sketches of Provincial Life, from the Memoirs of the Retired Conseiller De Cour Stchedrin (Saltikow
), trans. Frederic Aston (London: L. Booth, 1861), 97–98; Gordon B. Smith,
Reforming the Russian Legal System
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 12. On vodka revenues under Peter the Great see Friedrich Wilhelm von Bergholz,
Dnevnik kammer-iunkera Berkhgol’tsa, vedennyi im v Rossii v tsarstvovanie Petra Velikago, s 1721–1725-y
god, trans. I. Ammon, 2nd ed. (Moscow: Tipograpfiya Katkova i Ko., 1858), 2:239.

17
. Distillation was long a privilege reserved for the gentry, who sold their vodka to state wholesalers. Eustace Clare Grenville Murray,
The Russians of To-Day
(London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1878), 33.