Authors: Barbara Tuchman

The Proud Tower (93 page)

^*G
ERMANY
, A
USWARTIGEN
A
MT
,
Die Grosse Politik der Europäischen Kabinette
, Berlin, 1924–25. Band 15:
Rings um die Erste Haager Friedenskonferenz.
Band 23:
Die Zweite Haager Friedenskonferenz.
(Referred to in Notes as
GP.
)

G
REAT
B
RITAIN
, F
OREIGN
O
FFICE
,
Correspondence respecting the Proposal of HM the Emperor of Russia for a Conference on Armaments
, Russia, No. 1 (1899), Cd. 9090, London, HMSO.

——,
Correspondence respecting the Peace Conference held at The Hague in 1899
, Misc. No. 1 (1899), Cd. 9534, London, HMSO. (The material in these two volumes is referred to in the Notes as F.O. 83, 1695–6-7–8-9 and 1700. These are the reference numbers for the autograph originals in the Public Record Office which I consulted in preference to the published version.)

——,
Correspondence respecting the Second Peace Conference held at The Hague in 1907.
Misc. No. 1 (1908), Cd. 3857, London, HMSO.

——,
Further Correspondence
, Cd. 4174, Misc. No. 5 (1908).

H
AGUE
, T
HE
,
The Proceedings of The Hague Peace Conference
, 4 vols. Translation of the official texts (originally published by the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs), prepared in the Division of International Law of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace; ed. James Brown Scott, Oxford Univ. Press, 1920–21, Vol. I, 1899; Vol. II, III, IV, 1907.

U
NITED
S
TATES
,
The Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907
, ed. James Brown Scott, 2 vols., Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press, 1909. The second volume contains the instructions to and reports of the American delegates and the correspondence in 1904 and 1906 relating to the calling of the Second Conference.

Other Sources

A
DAM
, P
AUL
, “Physionomie de la Conférence de la Haye,”
Revue de Paris
, August 1, 1907, 642–72.

B
ACON
, A
DMIRAL
S
IR
R
EGINALD
H
UGH
,
The Life of Lord Fisher of Kilverstone
, 2 vols., London, Hodder & Stoughton, 1929.

B
ERGENGREN
, E
NK
,
Alfred Nobel
, tr., London, Nelson, 1962.

B
LOCH
, I
VAN
S.,
The Future of War
, tr., with a “Conversation with the Author” by W. T. Stead, Boston, Ginn, 1902.

B
ÜLOW
, B
ERNHARD
, P
RINCE VON
,
Memoirs
, 4 vols., Boston, Little, Brown, 1931–32.

C
HIROL
, S
IR
V
ALENTINE
,
Fifty Years in a Changing World
, New York, Harcourt, 1928.

C
HOATE
, J
OSEPH
H
ODGES
,
The Two Hague Conferences
, Princeton Univ. Press, 1913.

C
URTI
, M
ERLE
,
Peace or War: The American Struggle, 1636–1936
, New York, Norton, 1936.

D
AVIS
, C
ALVIN
D
E
A
RMOND
,
The United States and the First Hague Peace Conference
, Cornell Univ. Press, 1962.

D
ILLON
, E. J.,
The Eclipse of Russia
, New York, Doran, 1918.

F
ISHER
, J
OHN
A
RBUTHNOT
, L
ORD
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Records
, London, Hodder & Stoughton, 1919.

F
ISHER
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A
RBUTHNOT
, L
ORD
,
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, ed. Arthur J. Marder, Vol. 1, 1854–1904, Harvard Univ. Press, 1952; Vol. 2, 1904–14, London, Cape, 1956.

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ULLER
, J. F. C.,
Armament and History
, New York, Scribner’s, 1945.

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ENDRICK
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URTON
J.,
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, 2 vols., Garden City, Doubleday, 1932.

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ILLIAM
I.,
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, Boston, Ginn, 1908.

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, P
HILIP
G.,
Elihu Root
, 2 vols., New York, Dodd, Mead, 1938.

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EMONON
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RNEST
,
La Seconde Conférence de le Paix
, Paris, 1908.

M
OWAT
, R
OBERT
B.,
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, Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1929.

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EF
, J
OHN
J.,
War and Human Progress
, Harvard Univ. Press, 1950.

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ARL
F
RIEDRICH
,
Germany’s Road to Ruin
, New York, Macmillan, 1932.

P
ALMER
, F
REDERICK
,
With My Own Eyes
, Indianapolis, Bobbs Merrill, 1932.

P
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OPPEL
S.,
Modern Germany
, New York, Macmillan, 1954.

S
PENDER
, J. A.,
The Life of Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, 2
vols., Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1924.

S
TEAD
, W. T., “Character Sketch: Lord Fisher,”
Review of Reviews
, February, 1910.

^*S
UTTNER
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ERTHA VON
,
Memoirs
, 2 vols., Boston, Ginn, 1910.

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ATE
, M
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,
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, New York, Macmillan, 1942.

^*Temps, Le
, Reports of Special Correspondent at The Hague.

U
SHER
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,
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, Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1913.

^*W
HITE
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NDREW
D.,
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^*W
HYTE
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REDERIC
,
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, London, Cape, 1925.

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ITTE
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OUNT
S
ERGEI
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, New York, Doubleday, 1921.

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OLFF
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Notes

As primary sources for what was said and what occurred at The Hague, I used the delegates’ reports to their Governments contained in the Foreign Office Correspondence and
Grosse Politik;
the account in diary form by Andrew White in his
Autobiography
, and the reports of the Special Correspondent of
Le Temps.
Written while events were still hot, these make livelier reading than the tedious verbatim proceedings, collected and edited afterward. (
Le Temps’
correspondent signed himself X or sometimes XX, suggesting the possibility of two different people. Inquiries to
Le Monde
, successor of
Le Temps
, and to the Archivist of the Quai d’Orsay failed to penetrate his anonymity.) Unless otherwise stated all quotations by the delegates are from these sources; specific references are given only where it seems important. All material relating to Baroness von Suttner, including Nobel’s letters, is from her
Memoirs.
All quotations from Roosevelt are from his
Letters
(
see
Chap. 3).

118
“The Czar with an olive branch”:
Neue Freie Presse
, q.
Figaro
, roundup of press comment, Aug. 30, 1898.

119
“It will sound like beautiful music” and other press quotations in this paragraph:
ibid.;
also
The Times
and
Le Temps
, roundup of foreign press comment, same date.

120
Kipling: The poem was first published in
Literature
, Oct. 1, 1898.

121
“A sword stroke in water”: q.
Figaro
, Aug. 31, 1898. “Our future”: Nowak, 237.

122
Liebknecht: Suitner, II, 198.

123
Godkin, “splendid summons”:
Evening Post
, Aug. 29, 1898.

124
Olney on defeat of Arbitration Treaty: Mowat, 171.

125
Julien Benda: (
see
Chap. 4), 203.

126
Figures on world’s mechanical energy: W. S. and E. S. Woytinsky,
World Population and Production
, New York, 1953, 930, Table 394.

127
“We are sailing with a corpse”: q. Masur (
see
Chap. 4), 237.

128
Salisbury’s Guildhall speech:
The Times
, Nov. 10, 1897.

129
Czar and his mother’s chambermaids: q. David Shub,
Lenin
, 72.

130
Czar’s letter to his mother:
Secret Letters of the Last Czar
, ed. E. J. Bing, New York, 1938, 131.

131
Kuropatkin and genesis of Peace Conference: Witte, 96–97; Report of German Ambassador Radolin to Chancellor Hohenlohe, July 13, 1899,
GP
, XV, No. 4350; Dillon, conversation with Kuropatkin, 275–77.

132
“Keep people from inventing things”: q. White, II, 70.

133
“Except at the price of suicide,”
et seq.:
Bloch, xxxi, lxii, 349, 355–56.

134
British Ambassador’s report: Sir Charles Scott to Salisbury, Aug. 25, 1898, Cd. 9090.

135
“It is the greatest nonsense”: Warwick, 138.

136
Diplomatic reactions:
GP
, XV, Nos. 4223, 4224, 4236, 4237, 4248, 4249; also Foreign Office, Plunkett from Brussels, Jan. 11, 1899; Rumbold from Vienna, Feb. 3, 1899.

137
Kaiser, “Idiot”:
GP
, XV, No. 4233.

138
“To my People”: Pinson, 279; “When your Emperor commands”:
ibid.
, 278; “There is only one master”:
ibid.;
“Me and my 25 army corps”: q. Bernadotte Schmitt,
The Coming of the War, 1914
, New York, 1930, I, 29; “Ally of my House”: q. Chirol, 275.

139
Prince of Wales, “how different” and not so absurd: q. White, II, 113–14.

140
Kaiserin on Kaiser’s annoyance: Bülow, I, 275; Eulenberg quoted:
ibid.
241 Kaiser’s telegram to Czar and subsequent comments:
GP
, XV, Nos. 4222, 4216, 4228, 4231.