190
For instance, recent studies have found that even for a highly
Wagner, FA, Anthony, JC (2002) From first drug use to drug dependence: Developmental periods of risk for dependence upon marijuana, cocaine, and alcohol.
Neuropsychopharmacology,
26: 479-488.
195
possessing an iron frame
Harlow, JM (1868) Recovery from the passage of an iron bar through the head.
Publications of the Massachusetts Medical Society,
2: 329-346; Harlow, JM (1848-1849) Passage of an iron rod through the head.
Boston Medical and Surgical Journal,
39: 389.
195
This exacting and decisive nature
Ibid.
195 “
to please the fancy of the owner”
Bigelo, HJ (1850) Dr. Harlow’s case of recovery from the passage of an iron bar through the head.
American Journal of the Medical Sciences,
19: 13-22.
196 “
Gage is no longer Gage”
Ibid.
197 “
possessed a well-balanced mind
Ibid. Harlow, JM (1868).
197
A child in his intellectual capacity and manifestations
Ibid.
198
There is emerging evidence that chronic exposure
Jentsch, JD, Taylor, JR (1999) Impulsivity resulting from frontostriatal dysfunction in drug abuse: implications for the control of behavior by reward-related stimuli.
Psychopharmacology,
146: 373-390;Volkow, ND, Hitzemann, R,Wang, GJ, et al. (1992) Long-term frontal brain metabolic changes in chronic cocaine abusers.
Synapse,
11: 184-190.
198
Consistent with these findings, addicts
For example, Jentsch and Taylor (1999); Bechara, A, Damasio, H (2002) Decision-making and addiction. Part I. Impaired activation of somatic states in substance dependent individuals when pondering decisions with negative future consequences.
Neuropsychologia,
40: 1675-1689.
198
It is very likely that a loss of inhibitory
Robinson, TE, Berridge, KC (2003) Addiction.
Annual Review of Psychology,
54: 25-53.
198
This view is rooted in fairly recent findings
Robinson, TE, Berridge, KC (1993) The neural basis of drug craving: An incentive-sensitization theory of addiction.
Brain Research Reviews,
18: 157-198; Robinson, TE, Berridge, KC (2000) The psychology and neurobiology of addiction: an incentive-sensitization view.
Addiction,
95: S91-S117; Robinson,TE, Berridge, KC (2003).
199
A major point, however, is that these animals
See, for example, Pecina, S, Cagniard, B, Berridge, KC, et al. (2003) Hyperdopaminergic mutant mice have higher “wanting” but not “liking” for sweet rewards.
Journal of Neuroscience,
23: 9395-9402.
199
Injection of chemicals that boost
Parker, LA, Maier, S, Rennie, M, et al. (1992) Morphine- and naltrexone-induced modification of palatability: Analysis by the taste reactivity test.
Behavioral Neuroscience,
106: 999-1010.
200
Working in Berridge’s laboratory
For an excellent review see Pecina, S, Smith, KS, Berridge, KC (2006) Hedonic hot spots in the brain.
Neuroscientist,
12(6): 500-511.
201
Work in the late 1980s
Berridge, KC (1988) Brainstem systems mediate the enhancement of palatability by chlordiazepoxide.
Brain Research,
447: 262-268.
203
Chronic stress and the associated activation
For a review see Wallenstein, GV (2002)
Mind Stress, and Emotions: The New Science of Mood
. Commonwealth Press, Boston.
203
For instance, in a landmark study, ethologist Dee Higley
Higley, JD, Hasert, MF, Suomi, SJ, et al. (1991) Nonhuman primate model of alcohol abuse: Effects of early experience, personality, and stress on alcohol consumption.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
88: 7261-7265.
204
Another potential therapeutic target might be the opioid
Panksepp, J (1998)
Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions
. Oxford University Press, New York.
204
Clonidine, an alpha-1 noradrenergic
Gold, MS (1993) Opiate addiction and the locus coeruleus: the clinical utility of clonidine, natrexone, methadone, and buprenophine.
Psychiatric Clinics of North America,
16: 61-73.
12 Parsing Pleasure
209
Indeed, becoming addicted to either smoking or drinking alcohol
Pomerleau, CS, et al. (2004) Relationship between early experiences with tobacco and early experiences with alcohol.
Addictive Behaviors,
29(6): 1245-51.
210
This was the first broadly read account of how the advertising community
Packard, V (1957)
The Hidden Persuaders
. Pocket Books, New York.
211
Our innate preference for these features has been studied by marketing
See, for example, Bloch, PH (1995) Seeking the ideal form: Product design and consumer response.
Journal of Marketing,
59(3): 16-29.
Index
Abandoned for Life
(Izidor Ruckel)
ABC News
aberrant learning perspective of addiction
Ackerman, Diane
addiction
aberrant learning perspective of
classic hedonic view of
emotions and
loss of inhibitory control theory of
modern (modified) hedonic view of
rates of
susceptibility to
treatment for
types of
adolescent treatment center, for addiction
advertising
aesthetics
color and
proportion and
symmetry and
African drumming
akinetopsia
Alberto (case study)
alcohol.
See also
addiction
alleles.
See
genetics; heterozygosity
alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)
American Pediatric Society
amniotic fluid, smell and
anandamide
androgens
anencephaly
animal studies
on aberrant learning theory
on addiction
on brain similarity to humans
evolution of birds and
on frontocortical functioning
on language
on motivation
on pleasure centers in brains
on signaling
on smell
on sound
on taste
on touch
on vision
anise
anosmia
arachidonic acid (AA)
archicortex
Areca catechu
Aristotle associative learning theory
attachment behavior
of infants/newborns
opioid system and
symmetry and
attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder (ADHD)
attractiveness
facial features and
pheromones and
proportion and
smell and pheromones
symmetry and
vision and
auditory cortex
auditory-evoked potential
auditory processing
Aztecs, chocolate used by
Bateman, Angus
B-19 (case study)
Beagle
beak morphology (of birds)
beauty.
See
attractiveness
behavior
attachment and
The Behavior of Organisms
(Skinner)
classical conditioning
Darwinism and
operant behavior
reinforcement
self-stimulating
Behavior of Organisms,The
(Skinner)
Bellevue Hospital (New York City)
benzodiazepine/GABA
Bernstein, Leonard
Berridge, Kent
beta-endorphins
betel nut
bilateral symmetry
binocularity
birds, evolution of
bitter taste
body shape
“bone flutes,”
brain
brain stem
cannibinoid system
chocolate and
electrical stimulation of brain (ESB)
frontocortical functioning of
growth of, and symmetry preference
hippocampal formation
human brain evolution (
See also
evolution)
hypothalamus
learning and neural plasticity
limbic system
mesolimbic dopamine system
neurons and
nucleus accumbens
opioid system
septal region
smell and
sound and
symmetry perceived by
synaptic pruning and synaptogenesis
thalamus
touch and
vision and
See also
addiction
Brave New World, A
(Huxley)
breast asymmetry
breast milk
Breland, Keller
Breland, Marion
Buss, David
caffeine
cannibinoid system
cardiovascular disease
Ceausescu, Nicolae
Chang, Edward
Chapin, Henry Dwight
chemotaxis
child development, institutionalization and.
See also
brain
chocolate
effects on brain
history of
sugar and
Chomsky, Noam
Christine (case study)
classical conditioning
conditioned taste aversion
reinforcement
See also
learning; rewards
classic hedonic view of addiction
Clonidine
cocaine
cochlea
cognition
B-19 case study
language
representation problem
rewards and
social attachment
cologne
color
aesthetic appeal of
color vision
symmetry
Columbia University
communication.
See
language; social attachment
consonant intervals
contrast, exaggerated
corn oil
Cortés, Hernando
cortisol
cow milk
Crawford, Michael
cross-cultural studies of facial attractiveness of symmetry
cuteness, social attachment and
dance.
See also
music
Darwin, Charles
Darwinism
The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex
on music
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
(Darwin)
“The Temple of Nature,”
da Vinci, Leonardo
Dawkins, Richard
Desana Indians
Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex,The
(Darwin)
diatonic melodies
di Barbari, Jocopo
dichromatism
Diderot, François
differential fixation time
discriminative touch
dissonant intervals
DNA.
See
genetics
docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
dopamine
Drewnowski, Adam
drug tolerance
drug use.
See
addiction
drums
Dürer, Albert
ears
ectoderm, brain development and
edge detection
electrical stimulation of brain (ESB)
embryological development
smell and
tactile reactivity in
taste and
touch and
See also
brain
emotions, addiction and
endorphins
energy
body symmetry and
music and
environment enrichment, touch and
Epicureanism
epithelial cells
essential fatty acids
estrogen
ethanol
evolution
addiction and
Darwin on
of human brain
origin of music and
smell and
sugar and
taste and
See also
brain; Darwin, Charles; natural selection
evolutionary biology
on attractiveness
on frontal visual acuity
on group selection
on instinct
on language
on ratchet effect
on receiver biases
evolutionary psychology
on attractiveness
on music and sexual selection
experience-dependent interaction
experience-expectant stimuli
sound and
taste and
vision and
Extended Phenotype,The
(Dawkins)
extroversion, facial asymmetry and
eye-hand coordination
face
asymmetry and attractiveness
facial gestures made by/interpreted by newborns
symmetry and
fats, in diet
females.
See
women
fertility.
See also
reproduction
fetal development
smell and
sound and
taste and
vision and
fine-tuning.
See
synapses
fitness indicator theory
addiction and
music and
FitzRoy, Robert
fluctuating asymmetry
food
fovea
frontocortical functioning
fructose
Gage, Phineas
Galapagos Islands
Gangestad, Steve