The Pleasure Instinct: Why We Crave Adventure, Chocolate, Pheromones, and Music (31 page)

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For instance, children who have delayed
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The stress hormones
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Moreover, animals that are given
For review see Wallenstein, GV (2003)
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For instance, gentle daily massage
For a review see Fleming, AS, O’Day, DH, Kraemer, GW (1999) Neurobiology of mother-infant interactions: experience and central nervous system plasticity across development and generations.
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Although there have not been many controlled
See articles in Barnard, KE, Brazelton, TB (1990)
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The twin who received the motion
For a comprehensive review of early studies see Ottenbacher, KJ, Petersen, P (1984) The efficacy of vestibular stimulation as a form of specific sensory enrichment. Quantitative review of the literature.
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This is true for humans, primates
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Experiments have shown that when humans
Zatorre, RJ, Jones-Gotman, M, Evans, AC, Meyers, E (1992) Functional localization and lateralization of human olfactory cortex.
Nature,
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In her book
A Natural History Ackerman, D (1991)
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One theory suggests that during the Devonian
Watson, L (2000)
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By the twenty-eighth week, Kai’s placenta
Psychologist Julie Mennella first tested this idea by taking amniotic fluid samples from women who were undergoing a routine amniocentesis and had ingested either garlic or placebo capsules approximately forty-five minutes before the procedure.The odor of the amniotic fluid from women who consumed garlic was judged, by independent evaluators, as smelling stronger and more like garlic than the fluid from those who consumed only saline (Mennella, JA, Johnson,A, Beuchamp, GK [1995] Garlic ingestion by pregnant women alters the odor of amniotic fluid.
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In fact, scientists have speculated that odor
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Injections of simple saline solution
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After birth, the rats that were exposed
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If their amniotic fluid is scented
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Experiments performed in culturally diverse
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Newborns also cry less and show
Varendi, H, et al. (1998) Soothing effect of amniotic fluid smell in newborn infants.
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Within hours after birth, a breast-fed
Schaal, B (1988) Olfaction in infants and children: development and functional perspectives.
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Infants born to anise-consuming
Schaal, B, Marlier, L, Soussigan, R (2000) Human fetuses learn odours from their pregnant mother’s diet.
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Researchers have found that newborns
Mennella, JA, Beauchamp, GK (1991) Olfactory preferences in children and adults. In
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Some of the most popular smells include strawberry
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Within four months
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The answer came
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Each person tested was brought
Wedekind, C, Furi, S (1997) Body odour preferences in men and women: do they aim for specific MHC combinations or simply heterozygosity?
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In 2001,Wedekind’s group
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Spouted, teapot-shaped vessels
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Placing a small amount of liquid
Barr, RG et al. (1994) Effects of intra-oral sucrose on crying, mouthing, and hand-mouth contact in newborn and six-week-old infants.
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The key to unraveling this mystery
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In a very real sense, the opioid
Molecular evidence has shown that the opioid system is highly conserved across anatomically diverse species and hence very old within the framework of hominid evolution. For instance, the gene sequence that codes the development of mu opioid receptors is essentially the same in humans, bovine chickens, bullfrogs, striped bass, thresher sharks, and the Pacific hagfish (Li, X, Keith, DE, Evans, CJ [1996] Mu opioid receptorlike sequences are present throughout vertebrate evolution.
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Study after study has shown that in humans
For examples, see Facchinetti, F et al. (1986) Hyperendorphinemia in obesity and relationships to affective state.
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At least two independent studies have found that obese
Facchinetti, F, et al. (1986) Hyperendorphinemia in obesity and relationships to affective state.
Physiology and Behavior,
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Hence, attachment behaviors depend on opioid
Moles, A, Kieffer, BL, D’Amato, FR (2004) Deficit in attachment behavior in mice lacking the mu-opioid receptor gene.
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These include tongue protrusions to reject
Steiner, JE (1973) The gustofacial response: Observation on normal and anencephalic newborn infants. In
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Studies performed during this time show that fetuses
Mistretta, CM, Bradley, RM (1975) Taste and swallowing in utero: a discussion of fetal sensory function.
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Likewise, rats born to mothers who consume
The implications of this learning process for understanding and treating addiction will be discussed in chapter 9.

89
But this has changed with the discovery that simply putting a fatty
Mattes, RD (2001) The taste of fat elevates postprandial triacylglycerol.
Physiology and Behavior,
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These findings are probably no surprise
Drewnowski, A, Greenwood, MR (1983) Cream and sugar: human preferences for high-fat foods.
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Michael Crawford of the Institute
Cunnane, SC, Crawford, MA (2003) Survival of the fattest: fat babies were the key to evolution of the large human brain.
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They suggest the most dramatic increase
Ibid.

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For instance, both ALA and LA
For a review, see Bourre, JM (2004) Roles of unsaturated fatty acids (especially omega-3 fatty acids) in the brain at various ages and during aging.
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Another study showed that ALA
Ibid.

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It is known that humans and other animals
See, for example, Imaizumi, M, Takeda, M, Sawano, S, Fushiki, T (2001) Opioidergic contribution to conditioned place preference induced by corn oil in mice.
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For instance, if LA and sucrose
Gilbertson, TA (1999) The taste of fat. In
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In a series of behavioral experiments
Herzog, P, McCormack, DN,Webster, KL, Pittman, DW (2003) Linoleic acid alters licking responses to sweet, sour, and salt tastants in rats. Abstract, 25th Annual Meeting of the Association for Chemoreception Sciences.

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Likewise, when Pittman’s rats
Ibid.

97
Indeed, given the omnipresence of music
Hauser, MD, McDermott, J (2003) The evolution of the music faculty: a comparative perspective.
Nature Neuroscience,
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Nature Neuroscience,
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The first group views music as an interesting
Pinker, S (1994)
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This view, however, has its problems
Williams, GC (1966)
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Finally, a third school of thought
Miller, GF (2000)
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Indeed, adaptations driven by sexual
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This has led some theorists to focus on the similarities
Patel, AD (1998) Syntactic processing in language and music: Different cognitive operations, similar neural resources?
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They viewed music as being built from a hierarchy
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They also discriminate two melodies
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